Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is the largest country in the Middle East. It has a rich history, being the birthplace of Islam and home to important ancient civilizations. The country is known for its vast oil reserves, strong economy, and young population.
The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE.
Following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632, his followers expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territory in the Iberian Peninsula in the west to parts of Central and South Asia in the east in a matter of decades.
The period of the first four caliphs, known as the Rashidun Caliphate, marked the rapid expansion of Muslim territory outside of Arabia, including the defeat of the Byzantine army and the destruction of the Persian Empire.
In 747, a Kharidjit rebel from Yemen seized Mecca unopposed, but he was soon defeated by Marwan II.
After the fall of the Umayyad empire in 750 CE, most of what was to become Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule soon after the initial Muslim conquests.
In 930, the Qarmatians pillaged Mecca, outraging the Muslim world, particularly with their theft of the Black Stone.
Beginning with Selim I's acquisition of Medina and Mecca in 1517, the Ottomans, in the 16th century, added to their empire the Hejaz and Asir regions along the Red Sea and the al-Hasa region on the Persian Gulf coast.
The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began at the town of Diriyah in Nejd in central Arabia with the accession as emir of Muhammad bin Saud on 22 February 1727.
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab arrives in Najd and preaches an austere form of Islam, seeking protection from the local emir, Muhammad ibn Saud. They form a religious-political alliance that endures to this day in Saudi Arabia.
By 1788, the Saudi State had established its rule over the entire central plateau known as the Najd.
The Emirate of Diriyah established in the area around Riyadh rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, sacking Karbala in 1802, and capturing Mecca in 1803. In 1818, it was destroyed by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha.
By 1824, the Al-Saud family had regained political control of central Arabia and established the Second Saudi State with the capital transferred to Riyadh.
In 1865, the Ottoman Empire launched a campaign to expand its influence in the Arabian Peninsula, leading to the capture of parts of the Saudi State ruled by Abdulrahman, son of Faisal.
By 1891, the Al Saud were decisively defeated by the Al Rashid, who drove the Saudis into exile in Kuwait. This marked a significant setback for the Al Saud in their quest for control of the interior region of Saudi Arabia.
Abdulaziz Ibn Saud successfully leads a small group of 40 men to conquer Riyadh, marking the inception of the Third Saudi State.
In 1912, the Ikhwan (Brotherhood) is founded based on strict Wahhabi Sunni Islam, providing key support for Ibn Saud in the region.
In 1913, Abdulaziz took control of Al-Hasa from the Ottomans, gaining control of the Persian Gulf coast and Saudi Arabia's vast oil reserves.
In 1916, the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, led a pan-Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire with the support of Britain and France. The aim was to secure Arab independence and create a unified Arab state, but the revolt faced challenges and ultimately failed to achieve its objective.
Al Fallah, founded in 1920, holds the distinction of being the first newspaper in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf region. Its establishment played a pivotal role in shaping the media landscape in the area.
On October 13, 1924, Mecca was captured without resistance by the Saudi forces under the leadership of Abdulaziz Ibn Saud.
On December 12, 1925, Medina surrendered to the Saudi forces led by Sultan Abdulaziz Ibn Saud.
On December 17, 1925, Abdulaziz Ibn Saud led the Saudi forces to conquer Jeddah, marking the end of the Hashemite resistance against the Saudis.
On January 8, 1926, Abdulaziz Ibn Saud ascended to the throne as the King of Nejd and Hejaz, laying the foundation for the future Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
With the help of the Ikhwan, the Kingdom of Hejaz was conquered, and on 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud declared himself king of Hejaz.
The Treaty of Jeddah was signed on May 20, 1927, between the United Kingdom and Ibn Saud, officially recognizing the independence of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the precursor to Saudi Arabia.
The Ikhwan, who had turned against Ibn Saud, were defeated in 1929 at the Battle of Sabilla, leading to the end of their opposition.
Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud proclaims himself as the king and renames the country as Saudi Arabia. To maintain unity, he marries daughters from various tribes and influential clerical families, resulting in numerous offspring. He then consolidates power to his sons, shaping the future Saudi monarchy.
Oil was discovered in commercial quantities in Saudi Arabia in 1932, leading to the development of the country's oil industry. This discovery transformed the economy and geopolitics of the region.
Saudi Arabia was unified and declared its independence on September 21, 1932.
In 1932, Abdulaziz Ibn Saud merged the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, establishing it as an Islamic state with Arabic as its national language and the Holy Qur'an as its constitution.
Saudi Arabia was unified on September 23, 1932, under the leadership of King Abdulaziz Al Saud, marking the establishment of the modern Saudi state.
Saudi Arabia and the U.S. establish diplomatic relations, leading to the arrival of the first foreign oil prospectors in the kingdom. This event marks the beginning of a significant partnership between the two nations in the oil industry.
Saudi Arabia and the United States establish diplomatic ties, leading to the arrival of the first foreign oil prospectors in the kingdom. The Americans secure land concessions containing significant oil reserves, marking the beginning of a lucrative partnership in oil exploration and extraction.
In 1938, an American oil company discovered the world's largest oil reserve in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. This discovery transformed the newly formed Saudi Arabia into one of the world's richest countries.
In 1939, Iraq and Saudi Arabia declared war on Nazi Germany, showing their opposition to the aggressive expansion of the Nazi regime.
A significant agreement is reached between FDR and King Abd al-Aziz, which has a profound impact on the security and stability of the region. This deal solidifies the relationship between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia, particularly in the context of oil resources and security.
In 1945, a significant agreement known as the Oil-for-Security Deal is struck between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and King Abd al-Aziz. This deal solidifies the strategic partnership between the two nations, emphasizing oil supply in exchange for security cooperation.
In 1948, King Abd al-Aziz sends Saudi forces to join an unsuccessful effort to destroy the nascent Jewish state. Saudi Arabia has since never officially recognized Israel, and is technically still at war with it.
In 1950, Saudi Arabia and Aramco agreed to a 50-50 profit-sharing arrangement, signifying a major shift in the partnership between the two entities. This agreement had a profound impact on the economic relationship between Saudi Arabia and Aramco.
In 1951, the U.S. and Saudi Arabia formalized their security relationship under a mutual defense agreement, establishing a permanent U.S. Military Training Mission in the kingdom and providing training support and security-related services to the Saudi armed forces.
King Saud was crowned as the second king of Saudi Arabia on November 9, 1953, succeeding his father, King Abdulaziz.
Television was first introduced in Saudi Arabia in 1954, marking a significant milestone in the country's media and entertainment history. The introduction of television paved the way for the development of the broadcasting industry in the kingdom.
In 1955, British troops occupied the Saudi Arabian oil field at Boeraimi, reflecting the geopolitical interests and tensions in the region.
Since 1956, Prince Salman has chaired various humanitarian and service committees that provide relief from natural and man-made disasters.
In February 1957, King Saud visits the U.S. President Eisenhower invites him for a state visit to renew the lease on the Dhahran airbase, a useful strategic asset in the Cold War. The agreement that Faisal and Eisenhower sign constitutes the basis of U.S.-Saudi military cooperation.
In 1958, under pressure, King Saud appointed Faisal as the Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia, marking a significant political transition in the country.
In 1960, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela formed OPEC, a significant organization that aimed to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries.
In 1960, King Saud of Saudi Arabia assumed power, marking a notable period in the country's leadership.
Saudi Arabia proclaims the abolition of slavery, marking a significant milestone in the country's history and social development.
The Saudi Red Crescent Authority was founded on July 16, 1963.
During the 1962-1967 civil war in Yemen, Egyptian aircraft bombed several villages inside Saudi territory, leading to the dispatch of U.S. fighter jets to Saudi Arabia in November 1963.
King Faisal ascended to the throne on November 2, 1964, following the death of King Saud, and played a significant role in modernizing Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia and Egypt reach an accord over Yemen, demonstrating diplomatic efforts to address regional issues and conflicts.
Tensions with Yemen subsided in 1967 after Egypt withdrew its troops from the country, marking a significant development in the regional dynamics.
In 1969, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait agreed upon a political boundary for the neutral zone shared by the two countries, ending the territorial dispute over the area.
The delivery of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline from Saudi Arabia to the Mediterranean is interrupted in Syria, leading to a significant increase in oil tanker rates.
OPEC approves a plan providing for 25 percent government ownership of all Western oil interests operating within Kuwait, Qatar, Abu Dhabi, and Saudi Arabia, indicating a shift in oil industry regulations and ownership.
Terrorists associated with 'Black September' occupy the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan, leading to a tense diplomatic situation and security concerns.
The Gulf Six, including Iran, Iraq, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar, unilaterally raise the posted price of Saudi Light marker crude-oil by 17 percent, impacting global oil markets and economies.
Saudi Arabia warning the European Community to pressure the U.S. to change its policies on Israel or face oil restrictions on October 16, 1973.
Saudi Arabia, Libya, and other Arab states proclaim an embargo on oil exports to the United States, leading to a significant impact on the global oil supply and geopolitical relations.
Arab oil ministers decide to cancel the planned 5 percent production cut for January, and the Saudi Arabian oil minister pledges a 10 percent increase in OPEC production.
Heads of state from Algeria, Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia hold discussions on oil strategy in light of the progress in Arab-Israeli disengagement.
Saudi Arabia announces an increase in its ownership stake in Aramco to 60 percent.
The United States and Saudi Arabia sign a contract encompassing military and economic cooperation.
Saudi Arabia raises its oil buy-back price from 93 percent to 94.9 percent of the posted price.
On March 25, 1975, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia was assassinated by his nephew, Faisal ibn Musaid, who was seeking revenge for his brother's death during a protest in 1965. This event was a shocking and violent act, especially since the perpetrator was a member of the royal family.
A tragic incident occurs in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, as a gas stove explosion leads to a fire that claims the lives of 138 individuals.
On November 20, 1979, several hundred Saudi fundamentalists led by Juhayman al-Utaybi take over the Great Mosque at Mecca, calling for a return to pure Islam and accusing the royal family of corruption. The standoff lasts for several weeks before the Saudi military can remove the insurgents, resulting in over 200 casualties.
On November 20, 1979, several hundred Saudi fundamentalists led by Juhayman al-Utaybi seize control of the Great Mosque at Mecca, the holiest site in Islam. The insurgents demand a return to pure Islam and accuse the royal family of corruption.
Saudi Arabia raises the marker crude price to $24 per barrel.
63 individuals are beheaded in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
A Saudi Arabian Lockhead Tristar crashes on landing at Riyadh, resulting in the death of 301 individuals.
The US furnishes $1 billion in arms to Saudi Arabia.
King Fahd was crowned as the fifth king of Saudi Arabia on June 13, 1982, following the death of King Khalid.
The 'tanker war' commences with 44 ships, including Iranian, Iraqi, Saudi Arabian, and Kuwaiti tankers, being attacked by Iraqi or Iranian warplanes or damaged by mines over the next 9 months.
In 1985, Congress rejected President Reagan's proposed sale of an arms package to Saudi Arabia, which included 42 F-15s, antiaircraft missiles, Harpoon antiship missiles, and Blackhawk helicopters. This decision was made due to opposition based on fears that arming Saudi Arabia would pose a threat to Israel.
A captured Iraqi Airways Boeing-737 in Saudi Arabia results in the death of about 60 individuals.
A battle between Iranian pilgrims and Saudi-Arabian troops leads to the death of 402 individuals.
In 1988, King Fahd issued a royal decree to establish the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, known as Saudi Aramco, replacing Aramco.
In 1989, King Fahd hosted a meeting of Lebanese members of parliament in Taif, Saudi Arabia, which resulted in a national reconciliation accord signed in Taif. This accord ended the civil war in Lebanon and paved the way for reconstruction with assistance from Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries.
1,426 pilgrims are trampled to death after a panic in a tunnel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, leading to a major international crisis. King Fahd played a key role in assembling the international coalition that drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.
On August 7, 1990, the United States deployed troops to Saudi Arabia, marking the beginning of Operation Desert Shield in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
On August 9, 1990, 12 Arab leaders reached an agreement to send pan-Arab forces to protect Saudi Arabia from potential threats, particularly in the context of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
On August 11, 1990, troops from Egypt and Morocco landed in Saudi Arabia to prevent the Iraqi invasion, demonstrating the international effort to safeguard Saudi Arabia's security.
On September 17, 1990, the Soviet Union and Saudi Arabia restored diplomatic ties, signifying a significant development in their bilateral relations during a period of regional tension.
On September 22, 1990, Saudi Arabia expelled many Jordanian and Yemeni envoys, reflecting diplomatic tensions and regional dynamics in the aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
On November 4, 1990, US Secretary of State James Baker visited American troops in Saudi Arabia, demonstrating high-level diplomatic engagement and support for the troops involved in Operation Desert Shield.
On November 5, 1990, there were reports of increasing Saudi petroleum production and lower world demand, indicating the economic impact of Saudi Arabia's oil policies during a period of global significance.
On November 13, 1990, Saudi Arabia requested rights to bid on Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) crude, highlighting the country's strategic interest in global oil markets and energy security.
On November 22, 1990, George H. W. Bush, the 41st US President, visited US troops in Saudi Arabia, demonstrating his leadership and commitment to the military personnel involved in Operation Desert Shield.
Saudi and coalition forces repelled Iraqi forces when they breached the Kuwaiti-Saudi border in 1991.
King Fahd introduces the Basic Law of Government, which serves as the country's first written constitution. The law specifies Saudi Arabia as a sovereign Arab Islamic state with a monarchy headed by the House of Saud. It also creates a Consultative Council and establishes the first municipal governments in the country.
A group of 107 Wahhabi religious figures send a memorandum to King Fahd criticizing the government for corruption, human rights abuses, and allowing U.S. troops on Saudi soil. The memorandum calls for stricter adherence to shari'a law and ending relations with Western governments.
Following the arrest of two Wahhabi clerics for anti-government preaching, several thousand protestors stage demonstrations in Buraida. The protestors accuse the monarchy of corruption and betraying Islam by allowing U.S. troops on the Arabian Peninsula. The incident leads to the government ceding more control to the Wahhabi clerics.
In 1995, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia issued a decree to replace all members of the Council of Ministers who did not have blood ties to the royal family.
A massive bomb shakes the U.S.-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh, resulting in the death of five American military contractors and one U.S. soldier. The attackers claim to be inspired by Osama bin Laden.
Saudi Arabian Flight 763 and Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 collided in midair over Charkhi Dadri in India, resulting in the tragic deaths of 349 individuals. This incident is recognized as the third-deadliest aviation disaster in history.
Billionaire Prince al-Waleed bin Talal acquired a 5% stake in Apple, marking a significant investment move in the technology industry.
In 1998, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia accused the Taliban of harboring Osama bin Laden.
During King Fahd's rule, Saudi Arabia provided emergency humanitarian assistance to various countries, including Somalia, Bosnia, and Afghanistan, in response to humanitarian crises.
In 2000, Saudi Arabia nearly resolved its long-running border disputes with Yemen, which had persisted for many years.
Saudi Arabia selected eight foreign companies to participate in its 'Gas Initiative,' involving three core venture gas projects with an estimated value of $25 billion.
Saudi Arabia took ownership of the IPSA pipeline, which had previously transported Iraqi crude oil to the Saudi Red Sea port of Mu'jiz before Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The transfer of ownership became effective on June 7.
A federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia, indicts 13 Saudis and a Lebanese for the 1996 bombing of the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia, which resulted in the death of 19 American servicemen.
15 of the 19 hijackers involved in the September 11 attacks were Saudi nationals. The U.S. expressed frustration with Saudi Arabia's lack of cooperation in providing access to the hijackers' background files and families for interviews.
On September 25, 2001, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia broke relations with the Taliban and issued a statement expressing regret over the Taliban's misuse of Afghanistan's special status.
Al Qaeda militants attack three compounds in Riyadh, killing thirty-five people, including nine Americans, and wounding over one hundred. This attack shocks Saudi society and prompts the royal family to question the involvement of their own citizens in the attacks.
A suicide-terrorist attack in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, claims the lives of 17 people.
A stampede at the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia results in the tragic trampling to death of 251 people and injuries to 244 others.
The Al-Khobar massacres in Saudi Arabia lead to the killing of 22 individuals.
At Friday prayers on November 5, 2004, twenty-six prominent Saudi clerics, including Sheikh Nasser al-Omar, sign a fatwa encouraging Iraqis to rise up and oppose the Americans in Iraq. Many interpret the fatwa as a call for all Muslims to go fight the Americans.
On August 1, 2005, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia passed away at the age of 82, leading to the official naming of his half-brother Abdullah as the new monarch. This event marked a significant transition in the Saudi royal family.
During the last day of the Hajj in Mina, Saudi Arabia, a stampede occurred during the Stoning the Devil ritual, resulting in the tragic death of at least 362 Muslim pilgrims.
The Allegiance Council was created in 2007 to regulate the succession in the Saudi royal family, aiming to bring transparency to the process.
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia experienced devastating flooding due to a powerful storm that brought an unprecedented amount of rain, causing the death of over 150 people and sweeping thousands of cars away during the Hajj.
Following the popular protests known as the Jasmine Revolution, Tunisian President Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia seeking refuge.
On 29 January 2011, hundreds of protesters gathered in Jeddah to criticize the city's poor infrastructure after flooding, leading to arrests by the police.
On 22 February 2011, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia announced a series of benefits for citizens, including housing and security job creation, in response to Arab Spring protests.
Crown Prince Salman was designated Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and appointed Deputy Prime Minister, by Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz on June 18, 2012, upon the death of Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz.
In Saudi Arabia, a man was executed by beheading for the charges of witchcraft and sorcery.
A tragic bus accident in Jubail, Saudi Arabia resulted in the loss of 13 lives.
Nigeria suspends flights to Saudi Arabia due to hundreds of Nigerian women traveling without a male escort.
A fuel tanker explosion in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, results in the death of 22 people and injury of 111 others.
A flash flood in Saudi Arabia leads to the death of 16 people.
Saudi Arabia becomes the first country to turn down a seat on the UN Security Council in protest over Syria.
A hotel fire in Medina, Saudi Arabia, results in the death of 15 people and injury of 130 others.
American politicians and media accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a jihadist culture following the 9/11 terror attacks.
Australian A-League soccer club Western Sydney Wanderers draw 0-0 with Al-Hilal of Saudi Arabia in Riyadh to win the AFC Champions League, 1-0 on aggregate.
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud becomes the King of Saudi Arabia following the death of his half-brother King Abdullah.
A Saudi suicide bomber attacks the Shia Imam al-Sadiq mosque in Kuwait, resulting in the deaths of 27 people and injuring 227 others.
A large crane collapses in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, leading to the tragic deaths of more than 100 people.
A stampede during the Hajj pilgrimage near Mecca, Saudi Arabia, results in the deaths of 717 people during the symbolic stoning of the devil at Mina.
For the first time in history, women are elected in municipal council elections in Saudi Arabia, marking a significant milestone for gender equality in the country.
Saudi Arabia executes 47 alleged terrorists, including Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, sparking international controversy and condemnation.
US President Donald Trump begins his first foreign trip by arriving in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, also known as MbS, was appointed as the crown prince of Saudi Arabia on June 21, 2017, and has been leading various reforms and initiatives in the country.
For the first time during Saudi Arabia's 87th anniversary celebrations, women are allowed in King Fahd International Stadium in Riyadh.
Saudi Arabia announces the overturning of its ban on women driving, making it the last country in the world to do so.
Saudi Arabia arrests 11 princes and other ministers on corruption charges, including billionaire investor Prince Alwaleed bin Talal.
Saudi Arabia's attorney general Sheikh Saud al-Mojeb announces the detention of 201 more people for questioning in the anti-corruption drive.
Saudi Arabia announces an end to its 35-year ban on cinemas.
Twelve camels were disqualified from the King Abdulaziz Camel beauty contest in Saudi Arabia due to the use of botox on their lips by their owners.
Saudi Arabia’s crown prince Mohammed bin Salman met with US President Donald Trump at the White House.
The film 'Black Panther' was the first to be shown at a commercial cinema in 35 years in Saudi Arabia as cinemas were reopened.
Saudi Arabia calls on the UN Security Council to take a strong stance against Hezbollah and its supporter Iran. The move reflects escalating tensions in the region regarding the activities of these entities.
Women drove for the first time in Saudi Arabia after the ban on female drivers was lifted.
Saudi Arabia's state airline suspends direct flights to Toronto and expels ambassador after Canada calls for release of detained activists for civil and women's rights.
Saudi American journalist Jamal Khashoggi enters the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, never to be seen again prompting a diplomatic crisis.
Saudi Arabian Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman denies knowledge of the death of journalist Jamal Khashoggi according to President Trump.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan rejects Saudi claim journalist Jamal Khashoggi killed accidentally, says it was premeditated murder.
The CIA concludes that Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman ordered the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi.
The US Senate passes a non-binding 'war powers resolution' against long-term ally Saudi Arabia.
18-year-old Rahaf Mohammed al-Qunun arrives in Toronto, Canada, as a refugee after escaping family abuse in Saudi Arabia via Thailand.
Saudi Aramco, the Saudi Arabian oil company, disclosed its earnings, revealing a record-breaking $111.1 billion in profits for the last year, solidifying its position as the world's most profitable company.
Saudi Arabia announced new regulations for women, granting them the right to travel independently abroad without requiring permission from a male guardian, marking a significant step towards gender equality in the country.
A drone attack on the Abqaiq oil plant in Saudi Arabia caused a significant disruption, impacting half of the country's oil production and 5% of the world's total output. Yemen Houthi rebels claimed responsibility for the attack, raising concerns about regional stability and energy security.
Iran was blamed by Saudi Arabia's Defense Ministry for a drone attack on Saudi oil facilities.
Houthi rebels from Yemen claimed to have killed 500 Saudi soldiers, captured 2,000, and seized a military convoy in the Najran region of Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Aramco, the world's most profitable company, announced its plans to go public.
Saudi state-owned oil company Saudi Aramco raised a record $25.6 billion in its first public share offering, making it the world's most valuable company at $1.7 trillion.
Due to COVID-19 fears, Saudi Arabia barred overseas pilgrims from accessing the religious sites of Mecca and Medina for the first time in living memory.
The Saudi-backed coalition fighting Houthi fighters in Yemen called for a ceasefire after five years to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
Due to COVID-19, Saudi Arabia banned international visitors from making the Islamic Hajj pilgrimage in 2020.
Saudi Arabia started the scaled back Hajj pilgrimage with no foreigners allowed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Six Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, signed an agreement to ease the blockage with Qatar, which had been in place since 2017. This marked a significant diplomatic development in the region.
28,000 women applied for 30 jobs driving trains in Saudi Arabia after they were advertised for women for the first time. This marked a significant step towards gender equality and women's empowerment in the country.
Saudi Arabia executed 81 convicted criminals, marking the country's largest known mass execution in modern times. This event sparked international concern and raised questions about human rights in Saudi Arabia.
The controversial Saudi-backed LIV Golf Invitational Series began at the Centurion Club in Hertfordshire. The PGA's suspension of 17 participating players added to the controversy surrounding the event.
Saudi Arabia announces plans to build a futuristic 106 mile one-building city called 'The Line' to accommodate 9 million people. The city will be powered by renewable sources and will have no roads.
Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan expresses concerns over certain aspects of the JCPOA but believes a flawed deal is better than no deal.
Freedom House gave Saudi Arabia its lowest 'Not Free' rating, scoring it 8 out of 100 for 2023, reflecting the lack of political freedom in the country.
Ukrainian President Zelenskyy arrived in Saudi Arabia to advocate for peace and a prisoner of war exchange with Russia.
The Public Investment Fund (PIF) of Saudi Arabia and the ATP tennis tour signed a 5-year sponsorship deal which includes the rankings.
A strategic framework to reduce Saudi Arabia's dependence on oil, diversify its economy, and develop public service sectors.