The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought between the Houses of Lancaster and York in the mid-to-late 15th century. The conflict led to the rise of the Tudor dynasty and the end of the medieval period in England.
Lionel, Duke of Clarence, a son of Edward III, died in 1368. His death further complicated the issue of succession and played a role in the events leading to the Wars of the Roses.
Edward, the Black Prince, who was the eldest son of Edward III and heir apparent, passed away in 1376. His death contributed to the succession crisis and uncertainty over the English throne.
The House of York's claim on the throne was based on the female line of descent from Edmund of Langley, a son of Edward III. This claim was in contrast to the Lancastrian claim and led to conflicts during the Wars of the Roses.
On June 30, 1399, Henry Bolingbroke landed at Ravenspur. This event marked the beginning of his campaign to overthrow King Richard II and eventually led to the Wars of the Roses.
On 30th September 1399, Richard II was removed from the throne and Henry Bolingbroke became the new ruler, bypassing Richard's heir presumptive, Edmund Mortimer 5th Earl of March.
Henry IV was crowned as the king on 13th October 1399 at Westminster Abbey.
Richard II passed away while in captivity at Pontefract Castle on 14th February 1400.
Richard Plantagenet, who later became the 3rd Duke of York, was born on 22nd September 1411.
Henry V of England revived old dynastic claims to the French throne and invaded France in 1415, leading to the Battle of Agincourt where the English achieved a significant victory. This campaign solidified the legitimacy of the Lancastrian monarchy.
The Treaty of Troyes, signed in 1420 between Henry V of England and Charles VI of France, disinherited the French Dauphin Charles, married Henry to Charles' daughter Catherine of Valois, and recognized their future sons as legitimate heirs to the French throne.
Catherine gave birth to a son, Henry, who would later ascend to the throne at just nine months old after the death of his father, Henry V.
King Henry V passed away on 31st August 1422.
Richard of York inherited the titles and claims of the Duchy of York and the Earldom of March, including the claim to the English throne through his mother, after the death of his uncle Edward and cousin Edmund Mortimer.
The French rallied around Joan of Arc, inflicting major defeats on the English and leading to the coronation of the Dauphin as Charles VII in Reims.
Henry VI was formally crowned at the age of 7 in response to the coronation of Charles VII.
Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI, was born in 1430 and played a crucial role in rallying support for the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses.
Suffolk negotiated the Treaty of Tours to broker peace between England and France, securing the marriage of Henry VI to Margaret of Anjou in exchange for strategic lands.
Gloucester was arrested for treason and died while awaiting trial, leading to suspicions of foul play.
The Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars between the rival houses of Lancaster and York, commence in England.
Adam Moleyns was murdered by sailors in Portsmouth.
William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, was arrested, imprisoned, impeached, and eventually executed in the Tower of London on 2 May 1450. His downfall was attributed to the failures in France and the unfavourable request to cede Maine and Anjou to the French.
Jack Cade crossed London Bridge and declared himself Mayor, as recorded in the Croyland Chronicle.
Richard Duke of York returned from Ireland.
Isabel Neville was born on this date.
A standoff occurred between the Earl of Devon and the Earl of Wiltshire.
A standoff took place at Dartford.
On August 10, 1453, Henry VI suffered a mental breakdown, which had significant implications for the stability of the English monarchy and political landscape.
In 1454, Richard of York was appointed as Lord Protector and Chief Councillor by the Regency Council to govern the country amidst the unstable political situation and feuds between noble families.
On July 23, 1454, Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, was imprisoned by the Duke of York, reflecting the power struggles and political tensions of the time.
Henry VI regained his senses on December 25, 1454, after his mental breakdown, which had a significant impact on the political dynamics and power struggles within the English court.
The Wars of the Roses commenced in May 1455 with an open battle at St. Albans, marking the beginning of a series of conflicts between the House of Lancaster and the House of York for the English throne.
The First Battle of St. Albans occurred on May 22, 1455, marking the first significant battle of the Wars of the Roses. It resulted in a victory for the Yorkist faction and escalated the conflict between the Houses of Lancaster and York.
On January 13, 1456, Richard Duke of York resigned as Protector, signaling a shift in the political dynamics and power struggles during the Wars of the Roses.
In 1456, the Earl of Warwick was given the position of Captain of Calais.
Henry Tudor, who would later become King Henry VII, was born on January 28, 1457.
In 1458, a Loveday Parade took place at St. Paul's Cathedral.
Richard, Duke of York is appointed as the Protector of the Realm for the second time.
On 23 September 1459, the Yorkist army under Salisbury was ambushed by a larger Lancastrian force at Blore Heath. The Lancastrians were defeated, and Baron Audley was killed in the battle.
On September 24, 1459, Lord Stanley sent letters to those involved in the Battle of Blore Heath.
A Yorkist letter was sent to King Henry VI on October 10, 1459.
The Battle of Ludford Bridge took place on October 12-13, 1459, between the forces of the House of Lancaster and the House of York, resulting in a retreat by the Yorkists.
The Parliament of Devils opened on November 20, 1459.
A raid on Sandwich occurred on January 15, 1460.
In July 1460, the Tower of London was under siege during the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England. The Lancastrian forces attempted to capture the tower, a key strategic stronghold.
The Battle of Northampton in 1460 ended in a Yorkist victory with King Henry VI being captured. The Earl of Warwick ordered the massacre of prisoners, and the Queen fled to Wales.
On July 14, 1460, the Yorkists returned to London with King Henry VI as their captive. This event marked a significant turning point in the Wars of the Roses, signaling the Yorkist ascendancy.
On September 9, 1460, Richard, Duke of York, landed in England, further escalating the conflict in the Wars of the Roses. His return had a major impact on the power dynamics within the warring factions.
On 25 October 1460, the Act of Accord was passed, disinheriting Henry VI's son Edward and declaring York as the heir to the throne. However, the compromise was short-lived as hostilities resumed.
The Battle of Stamford Bridge occurred on October 31, 1460, as part of the Wars of the Roses. It was a notable engagement that contributed to the ongoing conflict between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions.
The Battle of Wakefield on December 30, 1460, was a significant engagement in the Wars of the Roses, resulting in the death of Richard, Duke of York, a key figure in the Yorkist faction.
Duke of York is killed in the Battle of Wakefield while laying claim to the throne.
On January 5, 1461, an agreement was reached between the Lancastrians and the Scots during the Wars of the Roses.
The Battle of Mortimer's Cross took place on February 2, 1461, where the Yorkists under Edward, Earl of March, achieved a decisive victory over the Lancastrians.
The Second Battle of St. Albans occurred on February 17, 1461, during the Wars of the Roses, resulting in a Lancastrian victory and the capture of King Henry VI by the Yorkists.
Edward of York, also known as Edward IV, was declared king in London.
The Battle of Towton was a significant Yorkist victory led by The Earl of Warwick. It resulted in the flight of King Henry, Queen Margaret, and the Prince of Wales to Scotland.
Edward of York emerges victorious in the brutal Battle of Towton, a significant conflict during the Wars of the Roses. This battle solidifies Edward's claim to the English throne.
Edward IV was formally crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey, solidifying his position as the uncontested ruler of England after his victory at the Battle of Towton.
The Battle of Towt Hill occurred on 16th October 1461, further solidifying the Yorkist control in the Wars of the Roses conflict.
Warwick successfully negotiated a truce with Scotland and led Yorkist forces to decisively defeat the Lancastrians in Ireland, securing his position as the most powerful noble in England.
On 6th January 1463, Alnwick fell during the Wars of the Roses, marking a significant event in the ongoing conflict between the Lancastrians and Yorkists.
The Battle of Hedgeley Moor took place on April 25, 1464, between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians, with the Yorkists emerging victorious in this conflict during the Wars of the Roses.
On 1st May 1464, Edward IV secretly married Elizabeth Woodville, a commoner. This marriage caused political turmoil and was a key event during the Wars of the Roses.
A Yorkist force under John Neville destroyed the main Lancastrian army at Hexham, capturing and executing key Lancastrian commanders, leading to the collapse of effective resistance to Edward's rule.
Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1465.
On 24th July 1465, Henry VI, the Lancastrian king, was captured by the Yorkists. This event further solidified the Yorkist control during the Wars of the Roses.
King Edward IV secretly concluded a treaty with Burgundy, going against the advice of his advisor Warwick. This decision further escalated tensions within the English court and affected foreign relations.
In 1467, an embassy led by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, reached Paris for negotiations with the King of France.
Philip the Good, the Duke of Burgundy, passed away on June 15, 1467.
In September 1467, Thomas Bourchier was appointed as a Cardinal.
The surrender of Harlech Castle in August 1468 marked the end of the longest siege in British history.
The Battle of Nibley Green took place on March 20, 1469.
During the Battle of Edgcote, royal troops were defeated by rebels led by Redesdale. This event resulted in the capture and execution of key figures close to King Edward IV, leading to a significant shift in power dynamics.
On 12th August 1469, Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and his son John Woodville were executed. This event was a part of the political turmoil during the Wars of the Roses.
Edward IV was released from the custody of the Earl of Warwick on 10th September 1469. This event marked a significant shift in the power dynamics during the Wars of the Roses.
King Edward IV decisively defeated Yorkist rebels at Losecoat Field, exposing Warwick and Clarence's involvement in the rebellion. This victory solidified Edward's position as the rightful king of England.
After quarrelling with Edward IV, Warwick the Kingmaker fled to France where he joined forces with Queen Margaret. They returned to England and restored the Lancastrian Henry VI to the throne on 13th October.
The Angers Agreement was reached on 22nd July 1470. It was a diplomatic agreement between various factions involved in the Wars of the Roses, aiming to resolve conflicts and restore stability.
Warwick and Clarence launched a two-pronged invasion of England at Dartmouth and Plymouth in an attempt to restore Henry VI to the throne. Edward of Westminster and Margaret of Anjou were involved in the political maneuvering.
In September 1470, Edward IV fled to Burgundy.
Edward IV, along with his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, fled to Flanders to escape Warwick and Clarence's invasion of England. This marked a significant moment in the conflict during the Wars of the Roses.
In November 1470, Parliament attains Edward IV.
On January 2, 1471, Edward IV and Charles of Burgundy discuss invasion.
In 1471, the Yorkist King Edward fled to France with a small army.
Edward IV of England emerges victorious in the Battle of Barnet, resulting in the death of the Earl of Warwick.
The Battle of Barnet took place on April 14, 1471, resulting in a victory for Edward's Yorkist army and the death of Warwick the Kingmaker.
On May 4, 1471, the Battle of Tewkesbury occurred, where the Lancastrian army, led by Queen Margaret and the Prince of Wales, suffered a defeat. The Prince of Wales was killed, and the queen was captured.
The Siege of London took place from the 10th to the 14th of May in 1471. It was a significant military conflict during the Wars of the Roses.
Henry VI of England is killed in the Tower of London following his imprisonment by Edward IV of England.
The Treaty of Chateaugiron was signed on the 11th of September 1472, aiming to bring peace and resolve conflicts between the involved parties.
The siege of St. Michael’s Mount commenced on the 30th of September 1473, leading to a prolonged military confrontation.
The Treaty of Picquigny was established on the 29th of August 1475, following the Invasion of France. It aimed to settle disputes and maintain peace.
Edward of Middleham, son of Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who would later become Richard III of England, is born.
In 1478, the Duke of Clarence faced trial and attainder, leading to his execution. The Croyland Chronicle provides an account of this significant event.
In 1482, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, led a raid on Dumfries. This military action showcased his leadership and strategic skills.
On April 9, 1483, King Edward IV passed away, marking the end of his reign and leading to a period of uncertainty and power struggles.
On May 19, 1483, Edward V entered the Tower of London to prepare for his coronation, a significant step in the political transition following his father's death.
Richard was crowned as King of England on 6 July 1483 after being declared the rightful king by an assembly of lords and commoners.
On 10th June 1483, Richard Duke of Gloucester sent a letter to the City of York asking for immediate help.
Ralph Shaa delivered a sermon on 22nd June 1483 discussing the legitimacy of Edward IV's marriage.
On 26th June 1483, Richard III ascended to the throne of England.
Richard III is crowned as the King of England in Westminster Abbey.
On 15th July 1483, the Duke of Buckingham was given the roles of Constable and Chamberlain.
Prince Edward was officially designated as the Prince of Wales on 24th August 1483.
On 8th September 1483, Prince Edward was officially invested as the Prince of Wales in York.
Henry Tudor, supported by the Duke of Buckingham, launched a rebellion against Richard III on October 18, 1483, aiming to install Henry as king. The rebellion was ultimately defeated by Richard.
After the failed rebellion, the Duke of Buckingham was captured, convicted of treason, and executed in Salisbury on November 2, 1483.
On 23rd January 1484, the Titulus Regius was passed, which declared the marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville invalid and their children illegitimate.
Prince Edward, the son and heir of Richard III of England, passed away.
The Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 marked the final battle of the Wars of the Roses, where Henry of Richmond, a Lancastrian claimant to the throne, emerged victorious over Richard III, leading to the establishment of the Tudor dynasty.
Richard's wife, Anne Neville, passed away, sparking rumors of murder to allow Richard to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. This event caused a rift among Richard's supporters and potentially threatened Tudor plans.
Henry Tudor, with the support of French and Scottish troops, landed near Dale, Pembrokeshire in Wales. This marked the beginning of his campaign to press his claim to the English throne.
On August 7, 1485, Henry Tudor, the last Lancastrian claimant, landed at Milford Haven in Wales, marking the beginning of the Tudor challenge to Richard III's reign.
Henry Tudor, who would later become Henry VII of England, arrived in Wales with a force of French mercenaries.
On 15th August 1485, Richard III received news that Henry Tudor's army had passed Shrewsbury.
The Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485, saw the defeat of King Richard III and the victory of Henry Tudor, who became King Henry VII, ending the Plantagenet dynasty.
On 3rd September 1485, Henry Tudor made his triumphant entry into London as King Henry VII.
Henry VII of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey, solidifying his position as the new monarch after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field.
Henry VII of England marries Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV of England, in a union that symbolizes the reconciliation of the warring factions of the Wars of the Roses.
Henry VII ordered the removal of the Stafford brothers from sanctuary at Abingdon Abbey, demonstrating his authority and refusal to tolerate challenges to his rule.
The Battle of Stoke Field was the final engagement of the Wars of the Roses. It took place between the forces of Henry VII and the Yorkist rebels led by the Earl of Lincoln. The Yorkists were defeated, with Lincoln killed in the fighting.
In 1490, Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, Edward IV's second son and a rival claimant to the throne. However, he was executed before any rebellion could be launched.
Perkin Warbeck, claiming to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the Princes in the Tower, rebelled against Henry VII. He gained support from Yorkist sympathizers in Ireland and Europe, leading to a significant threat to Henry's reign.
Perkin Warbeck landed in Cornwall, aiming to capitalize on the local population's discontent with Henry VII's taxes. He was declared as Richard IV and led an army of 6,000 Cornishmen, but ultimately deserted his troops when he learned about the king's forces nearby.
Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard IV, was captured, imprisoned, and hanged on November 23, 1499.
Edmund de la Pole, brother of the executed Earl of Lincoln, was executed by Henry VIII for claiming the throne.
Richard de la Pole, known as the White Rose, was killed in battle at Pavia while conspiring to invade England and claim the throne.
Before the death of Elizabeth I, there were twelve competitors for succession, including seven Plantagenet descendants.
An overview discussing the reasons behind the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England during the 15th century. This source provides insights into the factors that led to the conflicts.
A website related to the Wars of the Roses, possibly providing information, resources, or services related to the historical conflict.