In 711, North African Berber soldiers and some Arabs, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigothic force led by King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete. Roderic's defeat led to his drowning while crossing the Guadalquivir River.

Sixteen-year-old Alfonso XIII becomes the king of Spain and frequently interferes in parliamentary affairs, leading to extreme political instability with 33 governments formed between 1902 and 1923.

Berber armies led by Abd el-Krim force the Spanish garrison at Annual (Anwal), Morocco, to retreat, marking the beginning of the Rif War, a military campaign where indigenous forces defeat a European colonial power.

General Miguel Primo de Rivera stages a coup d'état, toppling the parliamentary government and establishing a dictatorship with the support of King Alfonso XIII.

Due to economic turmoil and public discontent, Alfonso XIII forces the resignation of Primo de Rivera, leading to the end of the dictatorship. Republican sentiment grows, culminating in an agreement to overthrow the king.

Republican and Socialist candidates win municipal elections, demanding the abdication of Alfonso XIII. Facing the threat of insurrection, the king flees the country.

The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed and King Alfonso XIII goes into exile.

The new government in Spain announces the end to compulsory education in schools.

The electoral law in Spain is revised to allow women to vote.

Manuel Azaña, Minister of War, announces significant reductions in the size of the Spanish Army.

The Cortes in Spain approves the legalization of divorce.

General Jose Sanjurjo leads a military uprising against the Spanish government.

José Antonio Primo de Rivera establishes the Falange Española party in Spain.

José Antonio Primo de Rivera founds Falange Española, a far-right nationalist group inspired by Italian fascism and initially supported by Benito Mussolini.

The rebellion in Asturias in October 1934 was a violent revolutionary uprising against the existing order, led by fairly well armed revolutionaries who managed to take control of the whole province. The rebels proclaimed revolution for the workers, abolished existing currency, and committed acts of violence including murder and destruction of religious buildings.

In 1935, reversals of land reform in the central and southern countryside led to expulsions, firings, and arbitrary changes to working conditions. Landowners' behavior, at times reaching 'genuine cruelty', resulted in violence against farmworkers and socialists, causing several deaths. This contributed to the growing hatred and tensions that eventually led to the Spanish Civil War.

In 1936, the individual flees the Spanish Civil War and relocates to Paris. They later wear a diving suit for a lecture in London, England, and appear on the cover of Time Magazine.

The Popular Front emerges victorious in the general election in Spain.

In February 16, 1936, parliamentary elections were held in Spain.

On March 8, 1936, a meeting took place in Madrid involving army officers, including General Mola and General Franco, to discuss a military coup against the Popular Front government.

The Falange was banned after members attempted to assassinate Luis Jiménez Asúa, a Socialist member of the Cortes, on March 10.

The Falange was banned after members attempted to assassinate Francisco Largo Caballero, a trade union leader, on March 14.

The Spanish government banned the Falange, a fascist organization, on March 15, 1936. The leader, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, was arrested for illegal possession of weapons.

Lieutenant José Castillo, a police officer and Socialist party member, was killed by Falangists in Madrid. Castillo had been giving military training to the UGT youth and had led the Assault Guards in suppressing riots.

After failing to arrest José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones, Fernando Condés led his squad to the house of José Calvo Sotelo, a prominent Spanish monarchist, where Luis Cuenca, a Socialist, summarily executed Sotelo. This event led to suspicions, strong reactions, and massive reprisals, ultimately becoming a catalyst for the Spanish Civil War.

The Spanish Civil War began with a military uprising against the Republican government, leading to a prolonged and devastating conflict.

The uprising's timing was initially set for 17 July, but due to a change in plans, the rebellion began on 18 July. The coup d'état aimed to swiftly overthrow the government, but faced resistance. Control over Spanish Morocco was quickly achieved, and rebel forces took control of various regions in Spain.

In July 1936, General Francisco Franco initiated an uprising against the Second Republic, marking the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. The political turmoil and controversial events in the early 1930s had created a tense atmosphere in Spain, leading to this full-blown conflict.

The military uprising in Madrid and Barcelona was defeated on July 19-20, 1936.

The Alcazar citadel in Toledo was besieged by pro-government forces from July 21 to September 27, 1936. The siege was lifted by Nationalist troops led by General Franco.

An international communist conference was held in Prague to arrange plans to help the Republican Government in Spain. It was decided to raise an international brigade of 5,000 men and a fund of 1 billion francs.

Nationalist forces, led by Lieutenant Colonel Juan Yagüe, captured the city of Badajoz near the Portuguese border. The capture was followed by a massacre of an estimated 2,000 - 4,000 civilians, which became a symbol of Nationalist brutality in Republican propaganda.

The Basque town of Irun was captured by Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War. Republican troops retreated and parts of the town were set on fire, with the destruction often attributed to supporters of the anarchist CNT-FAI.

On 15 September 1936, Nationalist soldiers took control of San Sebastián, a city with a divided Republican force of anarchists and Basque nationalists.

Rebel leaders in the Nationalist forces agreed to appoint General Franco as the supreme commander, known as Generalissimo, during the Spanish Civil War.

On 27 September 1936, Franco's troops relieved the siege of the Alcázar in Toledo, a significant propaganda victory for the Nationalists.

General Franco was formally invested as the Caudillo, or leader of Spain, in a ceremony held in the throne room at Burgos, the location of the alternative Nationalist government, during the Spanish Civil War.

José Antonio Primo de Rivera is executed by firing squad, becoming a martyr for the Nationalist cause during the Spanish Civil War.

On 17 October 1936, Nationalist troops coming from Galicia relieved the besieged town of Oviedo in Northern Spain.

On February 6, 1937, Nationalist forces initiated a ground assault on Madrid during the Spanish Civil War.

On 8 February 1937, Franco's forces took the city of Málaga in a Nationalist offensive, marking a significant loss for the Republicans.

The Battle of Jarama began on March 8, 1937, as a Nationalist offensive to cross the river Jarama to the east of Madrid, lasting most of February.

The Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica, causing significant damage and killing 200-300 people. This event had a significant effect on international opinion.

On April 6, 1937, Nationalist forces launched an offensive in the Battle of Guadalajara, a city 34 miles northeast of Madrid.

On April 26, 1937, German and Italian aircraft conducted a three-hour bombing campaign on the Basque town of Guernica, resulting in the death of 200 or more civilians. This attack was one of the most notorious incidents during the Spanish Civil War.

German aeroplanes bombed the Basque capital of Guernica on May 3, 1937, targeting civilians and causing significant destruction.

During May 1937, Barcelona witnessed the 'Events of May' where divisions between various Republican political groups led to street fighting among their supporters.

In May 1937, Juan Negrín takes over as the Republican Prime Minister, succeeding Francisco Largo Caballero. The new government under Negrín includes a higher number of Communist members.

On 21 May 1937, around 4,000 Basque children were evacuated to the UK on the aging steamship SS Habana from the Spanish port of Santurtzi.

Orwell was wounded in the throat by a sniper's bullet while at the front. He was considerably taller than the Spanish fighters and had been warned against standing against the trench parapet.

The Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM), a revolutionary socialist group, is banned by the Republican government in June 1937. The leaders of POUM, including Andres Nin, are arrested, with Nin meeting a tragic fate shortly after.

Bilbao falls to Nationalist forces after a two-month siege, marking a significant victory during the Spanish Civil War.

On July 1, 1937, Spanish Bishops collectively declare General Franco as the rightful ruler of Spain. This endorsement adds religious legitimacy to Franco's Nationalist cause.

A deposition was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason in Valencia, charging the Orwells with 'rabid Trotskyism' and being agents of the POUM.

During the Spanish Civil War, the Republicans achieved a significant victory in Teruel. The fighting, casualties, and old buildings in Teruel are captured in a photograph.

In October 1937, Nationalist forces successfully capture the city of Gijon and the district of Asturias. This victory grants the Nationalists control over the entire north coast of Spain.

On April 15, 1938, Nationalist forces take control of the Mediterranean coastal town of Vinaroz, effectively isolating Catalonia from the rest of Republican Spain. This strategic move weakens the Republican position.

The Republican government launched an all-out campaign to reconnect their territory in the Battle of the Ebro. The campaign, personally commanded by Franco, was unsuccessful and undermined by the Munich Agreement, leading to a collapse in Republican morale.

Republican troops launch an offensive across the River Ebro but are eventually forced back by Nationalist counter-attacks.

Republican Prime Minister Juan Negrín orders the unconditional withdrawal of all foreign troops fighting in the International Brigades.

The Republican army suffers a decisive defeat at the Battle of the Ebro, signaling the end of their hopes for victory in the Spanish Civil War.

Nationalist forces successfully enter Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War.

Franco introduces a new law allowing penalties on anyone who had supported the Republican government, including those who voted for them in 1936.

Nationalist troops capture Catalonia, leading to the flight of thousands of refugees to France.

In response to alleged increasing communist dominance and a deteriorating military situation, Colonel Segismundo Casado led a military coup against the Republican government on March 5, 1939. The coup aimed to seek peace with the Nationalists, but Franco rejected the peace overtures.

On 6 March 1939, Prime Minister Juan Negrín fled to France after the Republican army, led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and politician Julián Besteiro, rose against him.

Portugal's involvement in the Spanish Civil War included the organization of the 'Viriatos Legion' volunteer force, which later disbanded due to political unrest. Portuguese volunteers continued to support the Nationalists in various units.

On 26 March 1939, the Nationalists started a general offensive in the Spanish Civil War.

Nationalist forces capture Madrid, a significant event during the Spanish Civil War.

By 31 March 1939, the Nationalists controlled all Spanish territory in the Spanish Civil War.

General Francisco Franco, leader of the Nationalists, entered Madrid and declared victory in the Spanish Civil War on April 1, 1939. This marked the end of the conflict and the beginning of Franco's dictatorship in Spain.

The United States officially acknowledges the government led by General Francisco Franco as the Spanish Civil War is reaching its conclusion.

By 1940, more than 500,000 individuals were rounded up and sent to about 60 concentration camps in Spain. Large numbers of prisoners were conscripted for forced labor or to fight in Franco's army.

In 1944, a group of Republican veterans invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but were defeated after 10 days.

Martial law, which was imposed in Franco's Spain, remained in place until 1948. This period saw the continuation of authoritarian rule and suppression of dissent.

Fraser Bell's article 'For the Cause' explores the role of intellectuals during the Spanish Civil War. The study delves into the intellectual contributions and involvement in the conflict.

La Cucaracha is a detailed chronicle of the events that transpired during the Spanish Civil War. This diary provides valuable insights into the day-to-day occurrences of the conflict.

A book by Hilari Raguer in 2007 delving into the role of the Catholic Church during the Spanish Civil War.

Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón initiated an investigation into the executions and disappearances of 114,266 individuals between July 1936 and December 1951, including the case of poet Federico García Lorca.

Since 2016, efforts have been made to find mass graves in Spain using witness accounts, remote sensing, and forensic geophysics techniques.

The 'Spanish Civil War and Revolution' archive delves into the historical context and revolutionary aspects of the Spanish Civil War. It offers a comprehensive look at the socio-political dynamics of the conflict.