Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher who developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system. His work on aesthetics, morality, and psychology has influenced many thinkers and artists.
Schopenhauer highly admired Immanuel Kant, considering him foundational to his own philosophy. He praised Kant's Transcendental Aesthetic and compared Kant's impact on philosophy to Copernicus' revolution in astronomy. Schopenhauer dedicated a significant portion of his work to criticizing and engaging with Kant's ideas.
George Berkeley's work published in 1710, where he describes ideas as inert objects, inspiring Schopenhauer's view on ideas.
Schopenhauer claims to have completed Kant's project by successfully identifying the 'thing in itself' as the will. He argues that the will is the underlying force of every representation and the world, and that every representation is an objectification of the will.
Arthur Schopenhauer, born in 1788, developed the concept of moral consciousness that resonated with the sublime as described by Edmund Burke.
Arthur Schopenhauer was born on February 22, 1788 in Danzig, a month younger than the English Romantic poet Lord Byron.
Arthur Schopenhauer stood out for his advocacy of the rights of animals, emphasizing the importance of how a society treats other species as a measure of its true civilization. He believed that the treatment of animals reflects the moral progress of a nation.
In March 1793, when Schopenhauer was five years old, his family relocated to the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg after Danzig was annexed by Prussia.
In 1797, Arthur Schopenhauer was sent to Le Havre to live with the family of his father's business associate, Grégoire de Blésimaire. This experience led to him learning French and forming a lifelong friendship.
Arthur spent two years as a merchant after his father's death, but had doubts about transitioning to a scholarly career due to his practical education background and struggles with learning Latin.
In 1803, Arthur Schopenhauer accompanied his parents on a year-long journey through Belgium, England, France, Switzerland, and Austria. This experience exposed him to different cultures and perspectives.
After the death of his father in Hamburg, possibly by suicide, when Schopenhauer was seventeen, he struggled with the commercial aspirations his father had for him.
In May 1807, Arthur Schopenhauer was finally able to leave Hamburg and spent the next two years in Gotha and Weimar, where he prepared academically to attend a university.
In the fall of 1809, Arthur Schopenhauer enrolled as a student of medicine at the University of Göttingen. Initially focusing on natural sciences, he later shifted to humanities, particularly studying Plato and Immanuel Kant.
Schopenhauer attended lectures by prominent philosophers like Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schleiermacher at the University of Berlin. He found points of disagreement with Fichte's philosophy and began moving towards atheism.
In 1812, an illuminated theist, also known as a mystic, engaged in a discussion about Schelling's philosophy as mentioned in Manuscript Remains, Vol. 2, page 373.
In November 1813, Schopenhauer collaborated with Goethe on his Theory of Colours, leading to his most important epistemological discovery regarding the a priori nature of causality.
In December 1813, Schopenhauer started reading the Bhagavadgita, followed by the Upanishads in March 1814. This marked a shift in his thought towards atheism.
In March 1814, Schopenhauer began reading the Upanishads, coinciding with the development of his atheistic beliefs.
In May 1814, Schopenhauer left Weimar and moved to Dresden due to strained relationship with his mother. He continued his philosophical studies, socialized with intellectuals, and engaged in sexual affairs.
In 1816, Arthur Schopenhauer published 'On Vision and Colors', a philosophical work delving into the topics of vision and perception of colors.
In 1818, Arthur Schopenhauer completed his most famous book, The World as Will and Representation, which he had been developing ideas from The Fourfold Root. The book was published in December of the same year.
In September 1818, Schopenhauer left Dresden for a year-long vacation in Italy, escaping an affair with a maid. He visited various cities, engaged in philosophical contemplation, and had love affairs during his travels.
In December of 1818 (published in 1819), Schopenhauer released his major work, The World as Will and Representation, which combined Kant's transcendental idealism with his own concept of the will as the thing-in-itself.
In 1819, Arthur Schopenhauer published the first edition of 'The World as Will and Representation', a seminal work in philosophy presenting his ideas on the nature of reality and human existence.
In March 1820, Schopenhauer qualified to lecture at the University of Berlin after a successful first tour of Italy and a dispute with Hegel. Despite being a member of the university for 24 semesters, he only held his first lecture due to scheduling conflicts with Hegel.
In August 1821, a lawsuit began between Arthur Schopenhauer and Caroline Luise Marguet, a seamstress. The lawsuit stemmed from a physical altercation between them at a rooming house.
In May 1825, Schopenhauer made a final attempt in Berlin, which unfortunately was unsuccessful. Following this, he focused on secondary works, particularly translations.
Arthur Schopenhauer's 'Theory of Colors', published in 1830, explores the physiological aspects of colors.
In 1831, Arthur Schopenhauer left Berlin due to a cholera epidemic that was spreading from Russia to Germany. He moved south to Frankfurt-am-Main and then to Mannheim before finally settling in Frankfurt in June 1833.
In July 1832, Schopenhauer left Frankfurt for Mannheim but returned in July 1833 to remain there for the rest of his life, except for a few short journeys. He lived alone except for his pet poodles named Atman and Butz.
In June 1833, Arthur Schopenhauer settled permanently in Frankfurt, where he lived for the next twenty-seven years in an apartment along the river. This move marked a significant period in his life and work.
In 1836, Arthur Schopenhauer published a short work titled Über den Willen in der Natur (On the Will in Nature), where he aimed to reaffirm his metaphysical beliefs using scientific evidence. The work includes chapters on animal magnetism, magic, and Sinology, showcasing Schopenhauer's interest in parapsychology and Chinese studies.
In 1838, Schopenhauer sent his essay 'On the Freedom of the Will' to a contest but did not win. He was enraged by the rejection and published the essay along with another as 'The Two Basic Problems of Ethics'.
Arthur Schopenhauer's work 'On Freedom of the Human Will' from 1839 explores the concept of freedom in human will.
In 1840, Arthur Schopenhauer wrote 'On the Basis of Morality' delving into the foundations of moral principles.
The joint publication of Arthur Schopenhauer's essays from 1839 and 1840 in book form titled 'The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics' took place in 1841.
In 1843, Schopenhauer released an expanded second edition of his major work, significantly increasing its size. Despite the expansion, the new edition did not bring him additional recognition.
Arthur Schopenhauer's work 'The World as Will and Representation' was published in 1844, exploring his philosophy on the nature of reality.
In 1847, Arthur Schopenhauer published the second edition of his work 'On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason', which delves into the philosophical concept of the principle of sufficient reason.
In 1848, Schopenhauer witnessed violent upheaval in Frankfurt after the murder of General Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald and Prince Felix Lichnowsky, leading him to worry for his safety and property. He even modified his will to support soldiers affected by the rebellion.
In 1851, Arthur Schopenhauer published a set of philosophical reflections titled 'Parerga and Paralipomena', which means appendices and omissions in Greek.
In 1853, Schopenhauer's philosophy was published in the influential Westminster Review without signature. The review highlighted the importance of 'Will' in Schopenhauer's outlook and compared it to Fichte's well-known thought.
In 1856, the University of Leipzig sponsored an essay contest about Schopenhauer's philosophy, which was won by Rudolf Seydel's critical essay. This event marked a growing academic interest in Schopenhauer's work.
In 1859, Arthur Schopenhauer published the third edition of 'The World as Will and Representation', a seminal philosophical work exploring the nature of reality and human perception.
Arthur Schopenhauer passed away in 1860, leaving a profound impact on philosophical and moral discourse with his ideas on consciousness.
Arthur Schopenhauer passed away peacefully on September 21, 1860, in his apartment. This event occurred a year after the third edition of his work 'The World as Will and Representation' was published with further revisions.
Julius Frauenstädt published new editions of most of Schopenhauer’s works, with the first complete edition (six volumes) appearing in 1873.
In 1876, H. Zimmern published the book 'Arthur Schopenhauer: His Life and Philosophy' in London by Longmans Green & Co.
In 1883, the English translation of Arthur Schopenhauer's 'Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung' was published under the title 'The World as Will and Idea', providing a broader audience access to his philosophical ideas.
The book 'Life of Arthur Schopenhauer' written by W. Wallace was published in London by Walter Scott in 1890.
In 1892, Howard Williams highlighted Arthur Schopenhauer as the chief interpreter of Buddhistic ideas in Europe, noting his significant influence on contemporary German thought.
A work by M. Kelly from 1910 that explores the ethical aspects of Kant's philosophy and Schopenhauer's critical analysis.
In 1911, R.A. Tsanoff wrote about Schopenhauer's criticism. The work likely discusses the critical views of Arthur Schopenhauer on various subjects.
In 1914, Margrieta Beer published a biography on Arthur Schopenhauer, offering insights into his life, beliefs, and contributions to philosophy. The biography provides a comprehensive look at Schopenhauer's legacy and impact.
In 1931, the book 'Schopenhauer: Pessimist and Pagan' was published by V. J. McGill in New York. The book explores the philosophical views of Arthur Schopenhauer as a pessimist and pagan.
A biography of Schopenhauer by Walther Schneider, published in 1937.
A biography of Arthur Schopenhauer published in 1938 by Arthur Hübscher.
In 1958, the first English translation of 'The World as Will and Representation' by Arthur Schopenhauer was published in New York by Dover Publications.
The work 'On the Basis of Morality' was translated by E.F.J. Payne and published by The Bobbs Merrill Company in Indianapolis in 1965.
In 1966, the third edition of 'The World as Will and Representation' was published in 2 volumes by Dover, New York, with E.F.J. Payne as the translator.
In 1967, a book simply titled 'Schopenhauer' by P. Gardiner was published in Middlesex by Penguin Books.
The work 'The World as Will and Representation' translated by E.F.J. Payne in 2 volumes was published in New York by Dover in 1969.
The book 'On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason' was published in 1974 in La Salle, IL. It was translated by E.F.J. Payne.
In 1975, F. Copleston's work 'Arthur Schopenhauer: Philosopher' was published. The book provides insights into Schopenhauer's philosophical contributions and impact.
Publication of the book 'Schopenhauer' by D. W. Hamlyn, providing insights into Schopenhauer's philosophy.
In 1983, Brian Magee's book 'The Philosophy of Schopenhauer' was published, providing insights into the philosophical works of Arthur Schopenhauer.
In 1987, a study titled 'Willing and Unwilling: A Study in the Philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer' by J. Young was published. It focuses on the philosophical concepts of Schopenhauer.
Arthur Schopenhauer's complete works were published in 7 volumes in German in 1988.
Various scholars like Janaway, Young, DeCian, Segala, Cartwright, and Jacquette provided competing interpretations of the argument for the identification of 'will' as the ultimate foundation by Arthur Schopenhauer.
The book 'Schopenhauer: The Human Character' by J. Atwell was published in 1990 by Temple University Press.
In 1992, a book titled 'On Schopenhauer’s Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason' by F.C. White was published in Leiden, delving into Schopenhauer's philosophical work.
C. Janaway authored the book 'Schopenhauer' which was published by Oxford University Press in 1994, delving into the works of Schopenhauer.
Arthur Schopenhauer identified the ultimate foundation as 'will', which he described as a blind, purposeless urge or striving similar to energy. He linked this concept with the Kantian thing in itself.
A collection of essays edited by Dale Jacquette, focusing on Schopenhauer's aesthetics and how they influenced later artists.
In 1997, a book edited by F.C. White titled 'Schopenhauer’s Early Fourfold Root: Translation and Commentary' was published in Aldershot, providing insights into Schopenhauer's early philosophical ideas.
Influential scholars like Goehr and Magee discussed the impact of Schopenhauer on musical aesthetics, comparing it to Beethoven's influence on classical music. Schopenhauer is considered a central reference point in the history of musical aesthetics.
A book published in 1999 that serves as a companion to understanding the philosophy of Schopenhauer.
In 2000, the book 'Schopenhauer’s Broken World' by P.F.H. Lauxtermann was published, delving into the philosophical ideas of Arthur Schopenhauer.
In February 2002, Christopher Janaway's book on Schopenhauer was published.
The entry for Arthur Schopenhauer was first published on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on May 12, 2003, providing a comprehensive overview of the philosopher's life and work.
A book titled 'Schopenhauer: A Consistent Reading' was published by Edwin Mellen Press in Lewiston, N.Y. in 2004.
In 2005, a work related to Schopenhauer was published in London. It contributes to the dissemination of Schopenhauer's philosophy.
R.B. Marcin's book 'In Search of Schopenhauer’s Cat' was published in 2006, focusing on Schopenhauer's quantum-mystical theory of justice.
In 2007, the first volume of 'The World as Will and Presentation' by Arthur Schopenhauer was translated into English and published in New York by Longman.
In 2008, R. Wicks published a book titled 'Schopenhauer' which delves into the life and philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.
Better Consciousness: Schopenhauer’s Philosophy of Value was edited by Janaway and Neill in 2009. The book delves into Schopenhauer's philosophy of value, offering a comprehensive understanding of his ideas.
The first volume of 'The World as Will and Representation' by Arthur Schopenhauer was published in 2010, translated by Judith Norman, Alistair Welchman, and Christopher Janaway, and released by Cambridge University Press.
In 2011, a book titled 'Schopenhauer’s The World as Will and Representation: A Reader’s Guide' was published. It serves as a guide for readers to understand Schopenhauer's work.
The article on Schopenhauer’s Aesthetics was first published on May 9, 2012, with a substantial revision on June 14, 2018. It delves into the philosophical views of Arthur Schopenhauer regarding aesthetics.
In 2013, the book 'Understanding Schopenhauer Through the Prism of Indian' edited by A. Barua, M. Gerhard, and M. Kossler was released, exploring Schopenhauer's philosophy in relation to Indian perspectives.
In 2014, U. App published 'Schopenhauer’s Compass: An Introduction to Schopenhauer’s Philosophy and its Origins', providing insights into the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.
In 2015, Bart Vandenabeele published a book titled 'The Sublime in Schopenhauer’s Philosophy' in London under Palgrave.
A book titled 'Schopenhauer and the Aesthetic Standpoint' written by S. Vasalou was published in 2016 by Cambridge University Press.
In 2017, the book 'Schopenhauer’s Fourfold Root' was published by J. Head and D. Vanden Auweele in New York and London by Routledge.
The second volume of 'The World as Will and Representation' by Arthur Schopenhauer was published in 2018, translated by Judith Norman, Alistair Welchman, and Christopher Janaway, and released by Cambridge University Press.
In 2020, M. Houellebecq's work 'In the Presence of Schopenhauer' was published in Cambridge by Polity.