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2024-09-22 08:21:10

Arthur Schopenhauer

German philosopher known for pessimistic views.
German philosopher known for pessimistic views.

Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher who developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system. His work on aesthetics, morality, and psychology has influenced many thinkers and artists.

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1398
Schopenhauer's admiration for Kant

Schopenhauer highly admired Immanuel Kant, considering him foundational to his own philosophy. He praised Kant's Transcendental Aesthetic and compared Kant's impact on philosophy to Copernicus' revolution in astronomy. Schopenhauer dedicated a significant portion of his work to criticizing and engaging with Kant's ideas.

1710
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

George Berkeley's work published in 1710, where he describes ideas as inert objects, inspiring Schopenhauer's view on ideas.

1781
Kant's Project

Schopenhauer claims to have completed Kant's project by successfully identifying the 'thing in itself' as the will. He argues that the will is the underlying force of every representation and the world, and that every representation is an objectification of the will.

1788-01-01
Birth of Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer, born in 1788, developed the concept of moral consciousness that resonated with the sublime as described by Edmund Burke.

1788-02-22
Birth of Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer was born on February 22, 1788 in Danzig, a month younger than the English Romantic poet Lord Byron.

1788-09-22
Arthur Schopenhauer advocates for the rights of animals

Arthur Schopenhauer stood out for his advocacy of the rights of animals, emphasizing the importance of how a society treats other species as a measure of its true civilization. He believed that the treatment of animals reflects the moral progress of a nation.

1793-03
Schopenhauer's Family Moves to Hamburg

In March 1793, when Schopenhauer was five years old, his family relocated to the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg after Danzig was annexed by Prussia.

1797
Arthur Schopenhauer sent to Le Havre

In 1797, Arthur Schopenhauer was sent to Le Havre to live with the family of his father's business associate, Grégoire de Blésimaire. This experience led to him learning French and forming a lifelong friendship.

1800
Arthur's Doubts as a Scholar

Arthur spent two years as a merchant after his father's death, but had doubts about transitioning to a scholarly career due to his practical education background and struggles with learning Latin.

1803
Schopenhauer's Extensive Journey

In 1803, Arthur Schopenhauer accompanied his parents on a year-long journey through Belgium, England, France, Switzerland, and Austria. This experience exposed him to different cultures and perspectives.

1805-04-20
Schopenhauer's Father's Death

After the death of his father in Hamburg, possibly by suicide, when Schopenhauer was seventeen, he struggled with the commercial aspirations his father had for him.

1807-05
Arthur Schopenhauer's Departure from Hamburg

In May 1807, Arthur Schopenhauer was finally able to leave Hamburg and spent the next two years in Gotha and Weimar, where he prepared academically to attend a university.

1809
Matriculation at the University of Göttingen

In the fall of 1809, Arthur Schopenhauer enrolled as a student of medicine at the University of Göttingen. Initially focusing on natural sciences, he later shifted to humanities, particularly studying Plato and Immanuel Kant.

1811-12
Schopenhauer arrives at the University of Berlin

Schopenhauer attended lectures by prominent philosophers like Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schleiermacher at the University of Berlin. He found points of disagreement with Fichte's philosophy and began moving towards atheism.

1812
Discussion of Schelling's philosophy

In 1812, an illuminated theist, also known as a mystic, engaged in a discussion about Schelling's philosophy as mentioned in Manuscript Remains, Vol. 2, page 373.

1813-11
Schopenhauer's collaboration with Goethe on Theory of Colours

In November 1813, Schopenhauer collaborated with Goethe on his Theory of Colours, leading to his most important epistemological discovery regarding the a priori nature of causality.

1813-12
Schopenhauer begins reading the Bhagavadgita

In December 1813, Schopenhauer started reading the Bhagavadgita, followed by the Upanishads in March 1814. This marked a shift in his thought towards atheism.

1814-03
Schopenhauer starts reading the Upanishads

In March 1814, Schopenhauer began reading the Upanishads, coinciding with the development of his atheistic beliefs.

1814-05
Move to Dresden

In May 1814, Schopenhauer left Weimar and moved to Dresden due to strained relationship with his mother. He continued his philosophical studies, socialized with intellectuals, and engaged in sexual affairs.

1816
Publication of 'On Vision and Colors'

In 1816, Arthur Schopenhauer published 'On Vision and Colors', a philosophical work delving into the topics of vision and perception of colors.

1818-03
Completion of The World as Will and Representation

In 1818, Arthur Schopenhauer completed his most famous book, The World as Will and Representation, which he had been developing ideas from The Fourfold Root. The book was published in December of the same year.

1818-09
Travel to Italy

In September 1818, Schopenhauer left Dresden for a year-long vacation in Italy, escaping an affair with a maid. He visited various cities, engaged in philosophical contemplation, and had love affairs during his travels.

1818-12
Publication of The World as Will and Representation

In December of 1818 (published in 1819), Schopenhauer released his major work, The World as Will and Representation, which combined Kant's transcendental idealism with his own concept of the will as the thing-in-itself.

1819
Publication of 'The World as Will and Representation'

In 1819, Arthur Schopenhauer published the first edition of 'The World as Will and Representation', a seminal work in philosophy presenting his ideas on the nature of reality and human existence.

1820-03
Qualification to Lecture at the University of Berlin

In March 1820, Schopenhauer qualified to lecture at the University of Berlin after a successful first tour of Italy and a dispute with Hegel. Despite being a member of the university for 24 semesters, he only held his first lecture due to scheduling conflicts with Hegel.

1821-08
Lawsuit between Arthur Schopenhauer and Caroline Luise Marguet

In August 1821, a lawsuit began between Arthur Schopenhauer and Caroline Luise Marguet, a seamstress. The lawsuit stemmed from a physical altercation between them at a rooming house.

1825-05
Last Attempt in Berlin

In May 1825, Schopenhauer made a final attempt in Berlin, which unfortunately was unsuccessful. Following this, he focused on secondary works, particularly translations.

1830
Theory of Colors

Arthur Schopenhauer's 'Theory of Colors', published in 1830, explores the physiological aspects of colors.

1831
Schopenhauer leaves Berlin due to cholera epidemic

In 1831, Arthur Schopenhauer left Berlin due to a cholera epidemic that was spreading from Russia to Germany. He moved south to Frankfurt-am-Main and then to Mannheim before finally settling in Frankfurt in June 1833.

1832-07
Move to Mannheim

In July 1832, Schopenhauer left Frankfurt for Mannheim but returned in July 1833 to remain there for the rest of his life, except for a few short journeys. He lived alone except for his pet poodles named Atman and Butz.

1833-06
Schopenhauer settles permanently in Frankfurt

In June 1833, Arthur Schopenhauer settled permanently in Frankfurt, where he lived for the next twenty-seven years in an apartment along the river. This move marked a significant period in his life and work.

1836
Publication of Über den Willen in der Natur

In 1836, Arthur Schopenhauer published a short work titled Über den Willen in der Natur (On the Will in Nature), where he aimed to reaffirm his metaphysical beliefs using scientific evidence. The work includes chapters on animal magnetism, magic, and Sinology, showcasing Schopenhauer's interest in parapsychology and Chinese studies.

1838
Publication of 'On the Freedom of the Will'

In 1838, Schopenhauer sent his essay 'On the Freedom of the Will' to a contest but did not win. He was enraged by the rejection and published the essay along with another as 'The Two Basic Problems of Ethics'.

1839
Über die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens (On Freedom of the Human Will)

Arthur Schopenhauer's work 'On Freedom of the Human Will' from 1839 explores the concept of freedom in human will.

1840
Über die Grundlage der Moral (On the Basis of Morality)

In 1840, Arthur Schopenhauer wrote 'On the Basis of Morality' delving into the foundations of moral principles.

1841
Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik (The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics)

The joint publication of Arthur Schopenhauer's essays from 1839 and 1840 in book form titled 'The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics' took place in 1841.

1843
Publication of enlarged second edition of major work

In 1843, Schopenhauer released an expanded second edition of his major work, significantly increasing its size. Despite the expansion, the new edition did not bring him additional recognition.

1844
Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Representation)

Arthur Schopenhauer's work 'The World as Will and Representation' was published in 1844, exploring his philosophy on the nature of reality.

1847
Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde

In 1847, Arthur Schopenhauer published the second edition of his work 'On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason', which delves into the philosophical concept of the principle of sufficient reason.

1848
Schopenhauer's reaction to violent upheaval in Frankfurt

In 1848, Schopenhauer witnessed violent upheaval in Frankfurt after the murder of General Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald and Prince Felix Lichnowsky, leading him to worry for his safety and property. He even modified his will to support soldiers affected by the rebellion.

1851
Publication of Parerga and Paralipomena

In 1851, Arthur Schopenhauer published a set of philosophical reflections titled 'Parerga and Paralipomena', which means appendices and omissions in Greek.

1853
Publication of Schopenhauer's Philosophy in Westminster Review

In 1853, Schopenhauer's philosophy was published in the influential Westminster Review without signature. The review highlighted the importance of 'Will' in Schopenhauer's outlook and compared it to Fichte's well-known thought.

1856
University of Leipzig essay contest on Schopenhauer's philosophy

In 1856, the University of Leipzig sponsored an essay contest about Schopenhauer's philosophy, which was won by Rudolf Seydel's critical essay. This event marked a growing academic interest in Schopenhauer's work.

1859
Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung

In 1859, Arthur Schopenhauer published the third edition of 'The World as Will and Representation', a seminal philosophical work exploring the nature of reality and human perception.

1860-01-01
Death of Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer passed away in 1860, leaving a profound impact on philosophical and moral discourse with his ideas on consciousness.

1860-09-21
Death of Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer passed away peacefully on September 21, 1860, in his apartment. This event occurred a year after the third edition of his work 'The World as Will and Representation' was published with further revisions.

1873
Publication of First Complete Edition of Schopenhauer's Works

Julius Frauenstädt published new editions of most of Schopenhauer’s works, with the first complete edition (six volumes) appearing in 1873.

1876
Publication of 'Arthur Schopenhauer: His Life and Philosophy' by H. Zimmern

In 1876, H. Zimmern published the book 'Arthur Schopenhauer: His Life and Philosophy' in London by Longmans Green & Co.

1883
The World as Will and Idea

In 1883, the English translation of Arthur Schopenhauer's 'Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung' was published under the title 'The World as Will and Idea', providing a broader audience access to his philosophical ideas.

1890
Publication of 'Life of Arthur Schopenhauer' by W. Wallace

The book 'Life of Arthur Schopenhauer' written by W. Wallace was published in London by Walter Scott in 1890.

1892
Howard Williams' mention of Schopenhauer's interpretation of Buddhistic ideas

In 1892, Howard Williams highlighted Arthur Schopenhauer as the chief interpreter of Buddhistic ideas in Europe, noting his significant influence on contemporary German thought.

1910
Kant’s Ethics and Schopenhauer’s Criticism

A work by M. Kelly from 1910 that explores the ethical aspects of Kant's philosophy and Schopenhauer's critical analysis.

1911
Schopenhauer’s Criticism

In 1911, R.A. Tsanoff wrote about Schopenhauer's criticism. The work likely discusses the critical views of Arthur Schopenhauer on various subjects.

1914
Publication of Schopenhauer Biography by Margrieta Beer

In 1914, Margrieta Beer published a biography on Arthur Schopenhauer, offering insights into his life, beliefs, and contributions to philosophy. The biography provides a comprehensive look at Schopenhauer's legacy and impact.

1931
Publication of 'Schopenhauer: Pessimist and Pagan'

In 1931, the book 'Schopenhauer: Pessimist and Pagan' was published by V. J. McGill in New York. The book explores the philosophical views of Arthur Schopenhauer as a pessimist and pagan.

1937
Schopenhauer – Eine Biographie

A biography of Schopenhauer by Walther Schneider, published in 1937.

1938
Arthur Schopenhauer – Ein Lebensbild

A biography of Arthur Schopenhauer published in 1938 by Arthur Hübscher.

1958
Publication of 'The World as Will and Representation' Vols. I and II

In 1958, the first English translation of 'The World as Will and Representation' by Arthur Schopenhauer was published in New York by Dover Publications.

1965
Publication of On the Basis of Morality

The work 'On the Basis of Morality' was translated by E.F.J. Payne and published by The Bobbs Merrill Company in Indianapolis in 1965.

1966
Publication of 'The World as Will and Representation' in 2 volumes

In 1966, the third edition of 'The World as Will and Representation' was published in 2 volumes by Dover, New York, with E.F.J. Payne as the translator.

1967
Publication of 'Schopenhauer'

In 1967, a book simply titled 'Schopenhauer' by P. Gardiner was published in Middlesex by Penguin Books.

1969
Publication of The World as Will and Representation

The work 'The World as Will and Representation' translated by E.F.J. Payne in 2 volumes was published in New York by Dover in 1969.

1974
Publication of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason

The book 'On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason' was published in 1974 in La Salle, IL. It was translated by E.F.J. Payne.

1975
Publication of 'Arthur Schopenhauer: Philosopher'

In 1975, F. Copleston's work 'Arthur Schopenhauer: Philosopher' was published. The book provides insights into Schopenhauer's philosophical contributions and impact.

1980
Schopenhauer

Publication of the book 'Schopenhauer' by D. W. Hamlyn, providing insights into Schopenhauer's philosophy.

1983
Publication of The Philosophy of Schopenhauer

In 1983, Brian Magee's book 'The Philosophy of Schopenhauer' was published, providing insights into the philosophical works of Arthur Schopenhauer.

1987
Publication of Willing and Unwilling: A Study in the Philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer

In 1987, a study titled 'Willing and Unwilling: A Study in the Philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer' by J. Young was published. It focuses on the philosophical concepts of Schopenhauer.

1988
Publication of Arthur Schopenhauer's Sämtliche Werke

Arthur Schopenhauer's complete works were published in 7 volumes in German in 1988.

1989
Competing interpretations of the argument for identification of 'will'

Various scholars like Janaway, Young, DeCian, Segala, Cartwright, and Jacquette provided competing interpretations of the argument for the identification of 'will' as the ultimate foundation by Arthur Schopenhauer.

1990
Publication of 'Schopenhauer: The Human Character'

The book 'Schopenhauer: The Human Character' by J. Atwell was published in 1990 by Temple University Press.

1992
Publication of 'On Schopenhauer’s Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason'

In 1992, a book titled 'On Schopenhauer’s Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason' by F.C. White was published in Leiden, delving into Schopenhauer's philosophical work.

1994
Publication of 'Schopenhauer' by C. Janaway

C. Janaway authored the book 'Schopenhauer' which was published by Oxford University Press in 1994, delving into the works of Schopenhauer.

1995
Identification of ultimate foundation as 'will'

Arthur Schopenhauer identified the ultimate foundation as 'will', which he described as a blind, purposeless urge or striving similar to energy. He linked this concept with the Kantian thing in itself.

1996
Schopenhauer, Philosophy, and the Arts

A collection of essays edited by Dale Jacquette, focusing on Schopenhauer's aesthetics and how they influenced later artists.

1997
Publication of 'Schopenhauer’s Early Fourfold Root: Translation and Commentary'

In 1997, a book edited by F.C. White titled 'Schopenhauer’s Early Fourfold Root: Translation and Commentary' was published in Aldershot, providing insights into Schopenhauer's early philosophical ideas.

1998
Influence of Schopenhauer on Musical Aesthetics

Influential scholars like Goehr and Magee discussed the impact of Schopenhauer on musical aesthetics, comparing it to Beethoven's influence on classical music. Schopenhauer is considered a central reference point in the history of musical aesthetics.

1999
The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer

A book published in 1999 that serves as a companion to understanding the philosophy of Schopenhauer.

2000
Publication of Schopenhauer’s Broken World

In 2000, the book 'Schopenhauer’s Broken World' by P.F.H. Lauxtermann was published, delving into the philosophical ideas of Arthur Schopenhauer.

2002-02
Publication of Christopher Janaway's book on Schopenhauer

In February 2002, Christopher Janaway's book on Schopenhauer was published.

2003-05-12
First Publication of Arthur Schopenhauer Entry on Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The entry for Arthur Schopenhauer was first published on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on May 12, 2003, providing a comprehensive overview of the philosopher's life and work.

2004
Schopenhauer: A Consistent Reading

A book titled 'Schopenhauer: A Consistent Reading' was published by Edwin Mellen Press in Lewiston, N.Y. in 2004.

2005
Publication of Schopenhauer in London

In 2005, a work related to Schopenhauer was published in London. It contributes to the dissemination of Schopenhauer's philosophy.

2006
Publication of 'In Search of Schopenhauer’s Cat: Arthur Schopenhauer’s Quantum-mystical Theory of Justice'

R.B. Marcin's book 'In Search of Schopenhauer’s Cat' was published in 2006, focusing on Schopenhauer's quantum-mystical theory of justice.

2007
Publication of 'The World as Will and Presentation' Vol. I

In 2007, the first volume of 'The World as Will and Presentation' by Arthur Schopenhauer was translated into English and published in New York by Longman.

2008
Publication of Schopenhauer by R. Wicks

In 2008, R. Wicks published a book titled 'Schopenhauer' which delves into the life and philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.

2009
Better Consciousness: Schopenhauer’s Philosophy of Value

Better Consciousness: Schopenhauer’s Philosophy of Value was edited by Janaway and Neill in 2009. The book delves into Schopenhauer's philosophy of value, offering a comprehensive understanding of his ideas.

2010
Publication of The World as Will and Representation, Vol. I

The first volume of 'The World as Will and Representation' by Arthur Schopenhauer was published in 2010, translated by Judith Norman, Alistair Welchman, and Christopher Janaway, and released by Cambridge University Press.

2011
Publication of Schopenhauer’s The World as Will and Representation: A Reader’s Guide

In 2011, a book titled 'Schopenhauer’s The World as Will and Representation: A Reader’s Guide' was published. It serves as a guide for readers to understand Schopenhauer's work.

2012-05-09
Schopenhauer’s Aesthetics

The article on Schopenhauer’s Aesthetics was first published on May 9, 2012, with a substantial revision on June 14, 2018. It delves into the philosophical views of Arthur Schopenhauer regarding aesthetics.

2013
Publication of 'Understanding Schopenhauer Through the Prism of Indian'

In 2013, the book 'Understanding Schopenhauer Through the Prism of Indian' edited by A. Barua, M. Gerhard, and M. Kossler was released, exploring Schopenhauer's philosophy in relation to Indian perspectives.

2014
Publication of Schopenhauer’s Compass: An Introduction to Schopenhauer’s Philosophy and its Origins

In 2014, U. App published 'Schopenhauer’s Compass: An Introduction to Schopenhauer’s Philosophy and its Origins', providing insights into the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.

2015
Publication of 'The Sublime in Schopenhauer’s Philosophy'

In 2015, Bart Vandenabeele published a book titled 'The Sublime in Schopenhauer’s Philosophy' in London under Palgrave.

2016
Schopenhauer and the Aesthetic Standpoint

A book titled 'Schopenhauer and the Aesthetic Standpoint' written by S. Vasalou was published in 2016 by Cambridge University Press.

2017
Publication of Schopenhauer’s Fourfold Root

In 2017, the book 'Schopenhauer’s Fourfold Root' was published by J. Head and D. Vanden Auweele in New York and London by Routledge.

2018
Publication of The World as Will and Representation, Vol. II

The second volume of 'The World as Will and Representation' by Arthur Schopenhauer was published in 2018, translated by Judith Norman, Alistair Welchman, and Christopher Janaway, and released by Cambridge University Press.

2020
Publication of In the Presence of Schopenhauer

In 2020, M. Houellebecq's work 'In the Presence of Schopenhauer' was published in Cambridge by Polity.

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Arthur Schopenhauer
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