The Philippine Revolution was led by the Katipunan against Spanish rule from 1896 to 1898. It culminated in the declaration of independence in June 1898, but was not recognized by Spain. The revolution eventually led to the Treaty of Paris, transferring control of the Philippines to the United States.
The Philippine Revolution began on January 1, 1865, marking the start of the movement against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.
On July 12, 1869, Filipino leaders, priests, and students gathered at Malacañan Palace to serenade Carlos María de la Torre, the 91st Governor-General of the Philippines, to express their appreciation for his liberal policies.
The Suez Canal was opened in 1869, significantly reducing the travel time from the Philippines to Spain. This facilitated the quicker transmission of European ideas to the Philippines, contributing to the desire for independence.
Filipino soldiers stationed at Fort San Felipe staged an uprising, marking the beginning of the Philippine Revolution.
In the aftermath of the Cavite mutiny, the Gomburza priests were publicly executed, fueling further discontent and resistance against Spanish colonial rule.
The Assembly of Reformists, known as Junta General de Reformas, established in Manila with Filipino and Spanish members, ceased to exist after the 1874 Restoration. The friars' fear of losing influence prevented the implementation of any reforms.
Gregorio Del Pilar, one of the youngest generals in the Philippine Revolution, was born in Bulacan, eventually becoming a key figure in the fight for independence.
Emilio Jacinto, known as the 'Brain of Katipunan,' was born in Tondo, Manila, and played a crucial role in the Katipunan movement during the revolution.
Sulu, a region in the Philippines, acknowledged Spanish sovereignty, impacting the dynamics of colonial control in the archipelago.
Two earthquakes struck Luzon, causing destruction and affecting the local population, adding to the challenges faced during the Philippine Revolution.
In 1882, the Ilustrados emerged as a group of educated Filipinos who sought reform and advocated for independence from Spanish colonial rule. They played a crucial role in shaping the nationalist sentiment during the Philippine Revolution.
Jose Rizal departs from the Philippines to pursue his medical studies in Spain, where he would later become a prominent figure in the movement for Philippine independence.
In Madrid, Jose Rizal begins writing his novel 'Noli Me Tangere,' a seminal work that exposed the injustices of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.
The first Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, Diariong Tagalog, started its publication in 1882.
Jose Rizal completed his medical studies in Spain in 1884, earning a licentiate in medicine.
Dr. José Rizal published his novel Noli me tángere, which exposed the corruption of Manila Spanish society and fueled the movement for independence in the Philippines.
Jose Rizal completed writing the novel Noli Me Tangere in February 1887.
The novel Noli Me Tangere, written by Jose Rizal, was published in Madrid and Barcelona in May 1887.
The Ilustrados were the educated middle class in the Philippines who were influenced by Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. They pushed for representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, secularization of the clergy, and equality between Spanish and Filipino individuals.
La Asociacion Hispano-Filipino was established in January 1889 by Filipinos and peninsulares, led by Miguel Morayta, with the goal of influencing public opinion for reforms in the Philippines.
The first edition of La Solidaridad was published in Barcelona in February 1889.
More works critical of Spanish colonial rule were published, including El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere, which were influential novels that highlighted the injustices and abuses under Spanish colonialism in the Philippines.
Jose Rizal completed writing the sequel to Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, in Biarritz, France in March 1891.
The concept of the Katipunan was conceived on January 1, 1892.
On March 9, 1892, the Kapitunan was formed. It was a significant event in the Philippines during the time of anti-Spanish sentiments and the push towards revolution.
On June 26, 1892, Jose Rizal returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong.
Shortly after arriving in the Philippines, Jose Rizal founded the reformist society, La Liga Filipina, on July 3, 1892.
On July 6, 1892, Jose Rizal was arrested by Spanish authorities for organizing La Liga Filipina.
The Katipunan, a revolutionary society, was established on July 7, 1892.
Jose Rizal was exiled to Dapitan on July 17, 1892.
The Grand Lodge of Philippine Masonry was established on April 16, 1893.
On June 8, 1894, a Royal decree stopped the issuance of passports to Filipinos.
Emilio Aguinaldo joined the Masons and was elected Capitan Municipal of Kawit, Cavite on January 1, 1895.
On February 24, 1895, Cuba initiated a revolt against Spanish colonial rule.
Governor-General Ramon Blanco ordered the deportation of prominent citizens of Malolos, Bulacan on May 25, 1895.
Due to financial difficulties, La Solidaridad ceased its publication on November 15, 1895.
The Katipunan was a liberationist movement founded by Andre Bonificio with the goal of gaining independence from Spain through armed revolt. The group gained more power when some ilustrados returned to the Philippines from exile.
On July 4, 1896, Marcelo del Pilar passed away in Barcelona due to tuberculosis. His remains were brought back to the Philippines in 1920.
In August 1896, Jose Rizal returned to Manila.
The secret organization named Katipunan, established by Andrés Bonifacio and his fellows in Tondo, Manila, was discovered by a Spanish friar on August 19, 1896, leading to the start of the Philippine Revolution.
In August 1896, Andres Bonifacio devised a new secret code for the Katipunan.
An armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the Spanish colonial authorities, eventually leading to the declaration of Philippine independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.
Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where the group decided to start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain. The event included a mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries.
The rebels came under attack by a Spanish civil guard unit, with the rebels having greater numbers but the Spanish being better armed. The forces disengaged after a brief skirmish and some casualties on both sides.
A skirmish took place on August 26, where rebels retreated towards Balara after engaging with civil guards in Diliman. The encounter led Governor-General Ramón Blanco to prepare for coming hostilities.
Andrés Bonifacio issued a general proclamation on August 28, calling for the commencement of the revolution on August 29 with simultaneous attacks on Manila. He emphasized the need for unity and considered anyone obstructing the revolution as a traitor.
Hostilities began on the evening of August 29, with rebels attacking the Civil Guard garrison in Pasig and Bonifacio's forces amassing in San Juan del Monte. The rebels attacked the powder magazine and water station, but were eventually driven back by reinforced Spanish forces.
On August 30, Bonifacio's forces engaged in the Battle of San Juan del Monte, attempting to capture the powder magazine and water station. Despite initial successes, the Spaniards, reinforced and outnumbering the rebels, pushed them back with heavy casualties.
Filipino revolutionaries under Mariano Trias launched an attack on the tribunal of San Francisco de Malabon.
The Battle of Imus took place on September 1, 1896, in Cavite, Philippines. It was a significant victory for the Cavite revolutionaries led by Edilberto Evangelista and Jose Tagle, defeating the Spanish forces under General Ernesto Aguirre.
Filipino General Mariano Llanera initiated a revolt against the Spaniards in Nueva Ecija.
Four revolutionaries were executed in Luneta during the Philippine Revolution.
A significant battle known as the Battle of Imus took place during the Philippine Revolution.
The 13 martyrs of Cavite were executed during the Philippine Revolution.
Twenty-two prominent residents of Manila were imprisoned during the Philippine Revolution.
The first reinforcements from Spain arrived in Manila during the Philippine Revolution.
On October 3, 1896, Jose Rizal arrived in Barcelona.
Jose Rizal was imprisoned in Castelle de Montjuic on October 4, 1896, while en route to Cuba for a medical mission.
On October 6, 1896, Jose Rizal was sent back to the Philippines as a prisoner.
Governor-General Blanco declared a state of war in Zambales, Bataan, and Sibugay provinces on October 25, 1896.
On October 31, 1896, the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan was formed under the leadership of Baldomero Aguinaldo.
Jose Rizal was imprisoned in Fort Santiago on November 3, 1896.
The Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican took place on November 9, 1896.
On November 30, 1896, Julio Nakpil composed 'Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan', intended to be the national anthem of the Tagalog Republic.
General Camilio de Polavieja replaced Ramon Blanco as the Governor-General of the Philippines on December 13, 1896.
Jose Rizal, an ilustrado and key figure in the Propaganda movement, was arrested and executed upon his return to the Philippines from exile. His writings fueled national consciousness and inspired Filipino nationalism, making him a martyr for the cause of Filipino independence.
The Magdalo and Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan meet to settle disputes regarding leadership.
The Battle of Kakarong de Sili took place on January 1, 1897, where the Kakarong Republic's fort was attacked and destroyed by a large Spanish force. General Gregorio del Pilar, then a lieutenant, was wounded in this battle.
Eleven Bicolano martyrs are executed as part of the ongoing conflict.
Thirteen martyrs from Bagumbayan are executed during this event.
Governor-General Polavieja initiates his military campaign by seizing Parañaque.
General Jose Lachambre leads troops to capture several towns in Cavite.
Katipunan leaders in Naic, Cavite, adopt a flag during this event.
Aguinaldo is elected as President and Trias as Vice-President during the Tejeros Convention.
Nineteen martyrs from Aklan are executed as part of the conflict.
President Aguinaldo orders the arrest of Bonifacio during this event.
Bonifacio creates a separate government apart from Aguinaldo's revolutionary government.
General Camilo de Polavieja is substituted by the former governor-general of the Philippines.
Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio were sentenced to death for sedition and treason, and were executed by Major Lázaro Makapagal near Maragondon.
The Bonifacio siblings face trial before the Council of War, found guilty, and given the death penalty.
President Aguinaldo initially commutes the Bonifacio brothers' death sentence but reverses the decision under pressure from Generals Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar.
The Bonifacio brothers are executed at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon, Cavite.
Governor-General Rivera grants a general amnesty to Filipinos who surrendered to the Spanish government.
Aguinaldo founds the Philippine republican government in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan.
Governor-General Rivera issues a decree mandating Filipinos to possess a cedula.
Aguinaldo summons an assembly to deliberate on their next steps.
The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato is officially ratified on this date.
The Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed on December 14, 1897, after negotiations between the Spanish Governor-General and the Filipino revolutionaries. It included the surrender of weapons, amnesty for participants, exile for the revolutionary leadership, and a payment of $400,000 in Mexican peso to the revolutionaries.
The pact of Biak-na-Bato was declared on December 15, 1897, temporarily halting the Philippine Revolution. It involved Aguinaldo and other leaders accepting exile and monetary compensation in exchange for laying down arms, though the terms were not fully honored by either party.
On December 24, 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo and eighteen other top officials of the Philippine revolution, including Mariano Llanera, Tomás Mascardo, and Gregorio del Pilar, left Biak-na-Bato for exile in Hong Kong.
The Spanish-American War began on April 21, 1898, after the United States declared war against the Spanish Empire following the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor.
The U.S. Navy commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, leading to the start of the Philippine Revolution against the United States.
Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and assumed command of all Philippine forces. He announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator, promising to resign in favor of a duly elected president.
Aguinaldo raided the last stronghold of the Spanish Empire in Cavite, liberating the area with about 12,000 men. This battle marked the unfurling of the modern flag of the Philippines in victory.
On June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo. The Philippine Declaration of Independence was read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, and the first Filipino flag was unfurled with the national anthem played for the first time.
On June 23, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government, naming himself as president. This decision came after the advice of Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's adviser, to create a revolutionary government.
The Philippines declared independence from Spanish colonial rule, marking a significant moment in the country's history.
On July 15, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines. This marked a significant step in the governance of the newly independent nation.
On August 12, 1898, a peace protocol was signed in Washington between the United States and Spain, suspending hostilities and outlining the occupation of Manila by the U.S. forces.
On August 13, 1898, U.S. forces attacked and captured Spanish positions in Manila, leading to confrontations with insurgents and the formal surrender of Manila to the United States.
On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines under General Merritt, marking the beginning of military rule in the country.
The Treaty of Paris was signed on this date, marking the end of the Spanish-American War. Through this treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines to the United States, leading to a significant shift in colonial power in the region.
The Treaty of Paris, assigned by Aguinaldo, handed over control of the Philippines to the United States, marking the end of their brief period of independence.
From January 9-29, 1899, a Peace Conference took place.
On January 21, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was inaugurated.
On January 23, 1899, Filipinos declared their independence and chose Emilio Aguinaldo, a prominent nationalist leader, as their president.
On January 27, 1899, the Filipino Government proclaimed its Constitution.
On February 2, 1899, hostilities broke out between U.S. and Filipino forces, leading to a turning point in the Philippine–American War.
On February 4, 1899, fighting broke out between Filipino and American forces, marking the beginning of the Philippine-American War. Emilio Aguinaldo declared war against the United States, leading to a conflict that resulted in the Philippines becoming a colony of the United States.
U.S. forces captured Emilio Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, which marked a significant event in the Philippine–American War.
On July 2, 1902, the United States Secretary of War announced the termination of the office of military governor in the Philippines, as the insurrection against the United States had ceased and civil governments were established in most provinces.
President Theodore Roosevelt declared a general amnesty and announced the end of the conflict on July 4, 1902.
In 1907, the Philippines held its first elected assembly.
The Jones Act of 1916 pledged eventual independence for the Philippines.
In memory of the 1,200 Katipuneros who perished in the Battle of Kakarong de Sili, the Kakarong Lodge No. 168 of the Legionarios del Trabajo erected the Inang Filipina Shrine Monument in 1924 in Pandi, Bulacan.
In 1936, a commonwealth government was established in the Philippines, with Manuel L. Quezon becoming the president. This marked a transitional period before the country's intended independence.
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines finally gained full independence from the United States, 50 years after the start of the revolution against Spanish colonial rule.
A book by Gregorio Zaide in 1954, focusing on the Philippine Revolution.
A book by Florentino Rodao and Felice Noelle Rodríguez in 2001, exploring the ordinary lives during the extraordinary times of the Philippine revolution in 1896.
On April 9, 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared that the Philippine-American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar. She also designated the centennial anniversary of this event as a national holiday.