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Last Updated:
2024-09-22 08:21:10

Philippine Revolution

War of independence against Spanish Empire
War of independence against Spanish Empire

The Philippine Revolution was led by the Katipunan against Spanish rule from 1896 to 1898. It culminated in the declaration of independence in June 1898, but was not recognized by Spain. The revolution eventually led to the Treaty of Paris, transferring control of the Philippines to the United States.

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1865-01-01
Start of the Philippine Revolution

The Philippine Revolution began on January 1, 1865, marking the start of the movement against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.

1869-07-12
Serenade for Carlos María de la Torre

On July 12, 1869, Filipino leaders, priests, and students gathered at Malacañan Palace to serenade Carlos María de la Torre, the 91st Governor-General of the Philippines, to express their appreciation for his liberal policies.

1869-11-16
Suez Canal Opened

The Suez Canal was opened in 1869, significantly reducing the travel time from the Philippines to Spain. This facilitated the quicker transmission of European ideas to the Philippines, contributing to the desire for independence.

1872-01-20
Cavite Mutiny

Filipino soldiers stationed at Fort San Felipe staged an uprising, marking the beginning of the Philippine Revolution.

1872-02-17
Execution of Gomburza

In the aftermath of the Cavite mutiny, the Gomburza priests were publicly executed, fueling further discontent and resistance against Spanish colonial rule.

1874
End of Assembly of Reformists

The Assembly of Reformists, known as Junta General de Reformas, established in Manila with Filipino and Spanish members, ceased to exist after the 1874 Restoration. The friars' fear of losing influence prevented the implementation of any reforms.

1875-11-14
Birth of Gregorio Del Pilar

Gregorio Del Pilar, one of the youngest generals in the Philippine Revolution, was born in Bulacan, eventually becoming a key figure in the fight for independence.

1875-12-15
Birth of Emilio Jacinto

Emilio Jacinto, known as the 'Brain of Katipunan,' was born in Tondo, Manila, and played a crucial role in the Katipunan movement during the revolution.

1878-07-22
Sulu recognizes Spanish sovereignty

Sulu, a region in the Philippines, acknowledged Spanish sovereignty, impacting the dynamics of colonial control in the archipelago.

1880-07
Earthquakes in Luzon

Two earthquakes struck Luzon, causing destruction and affecting the local population, adding to the challenges faced during the Philippine Revolution.

1882-01-01
Ilustrados

In 1882, the Ilustrados emerged as a group of educated Filipinos who sought reform and advocated for independence from Spanish colonial rule. They played a crucial role in shaping the nationalist sentiment during the Philippine Revolution.

1882-03-03
Jose Rizal leaves the Philippines

Jose Rizal departs from the Philippines to pursue his medical studies in Spain, where he would later become a prominent figure in the movement for Philippine independence.

1882-06-02
Jose Rizal starts writing Noli Me Tangere

In Madrid, Jose Rizal begins writing his novel 'Noli Me Tangere,' a seminal work that exposed the injustices of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.

1882-07-01
Diariong Tagalog newspaper begins publication

The first Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, Diariong Tagalog, started its publication in 1882.

1884-06
Rizal finishes medical studies in Spain

Jose Rizal completed his medical studies in Spain in 1884, earning a licentiate in medicine.

1886
Publication of Noli me tángere

Dr. José Rizal published his novel Noli me tángere, which exposed the corruption of Manila Spanish society and fueled the movement for independence in the Philippines.

1887-02-21
Rizal finishes writing Noli Me Tangere

Jose Rizal completed writing the novel Noli Me Tangere in February 1887.

1887-05-29
Noli Me Tangere published in Madrid and Barcelona

The novel Noli Me Tangere, written by Jose Rizal, was published in Madrid and Barcelona in May 1887.

1888-12-13
Ilustrados advocating for reforms in the Philippines

The Ilustrados were the educated middle class in the Philippines who were influenced by Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. They pushed for representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, secularization of the clergy, and equality between Spanish and Filipino individuals.

1889-01-12
Creation of La Asociacion Hispano-Filipino

La Asociacion Hispano-Filipino was established in January 1889 by Filipinos and peninsulares, led by Miguel Morayta, with the goal of influencing public opinion for reforms in the Philippines.

1889-02-15
First issue of La Solidaridad published

The first edition of La Solidaridad was published in Barcelona in February 1889.

1890-01-01
Publication of Anti-Spanish works

More works critical of Spanish colonial rule were published, including El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere, which were influential novels that highlighted the injustices and abuses under Spanish colonialism in the Philippines.

1891-03-28
Rizal finishes writing El Filibusterismo

Jose Rizal completed writing the sequel to Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, in Biarritz, France in March 1891.

1892-01-01
Conception of the Katipunan idea

The concept of the Katipunan was conceived on January 1, 1892.

1892-03-09
Formation of the Kapitunan

On March 9, 1892, the Kapitunan was formed. It was a significant event in the Philippines during the time of anti-Spanish sentiments and the push towards revolution.

1892-06-26
Rizal arrives in the Philippines

On June 26, 1892, Jose Rizal returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong.

1892-07-03
Establishment of La Liga Filipina

Shortly after arriving in the Philippines, Jose Rizal founded the reformist society, La Liga Filipina, on July 3, 1892.

1892-07-06
Arrest of Rizal by Spanish authorities

On July 6, 1892, Jose Rizal was arrested by Spanish authorities for organizing La Liga Filipina.

1892-07-07
Establishment of the Katipunan

The Katipunan, a revolutionary society, was established on July 7, 1892.

1892-07-17
Exile of Rizal to Dapitan

Jose Rizal was exiled to Dapitan on July 17, 1892.

1893-04-16
Foundation of the Grand Lodge of Philippine Masonry

The Grand Lodge of Philippine Masonry was established on April 16, 1893.

1894-06-08
Royal decree halts passport issuance to Filipinos

On June 8, 1894, a Royal decree stopped the issuance of passports to Filipinos.

1895-01-01
Emilio Aguinaldo becomes a Mason and Capitan Municipal

Emilio Aguinaldo joined the Masons and was elected Capitan Municipal of Kawit, Cavite on January 1, 1895.

1895-02-24
Cuba revolts against Spain

On February 24, 1895, Cuba initiated a revolt against Spanish colonial rule.

1895-05-25
Deportation of prominent citizens of Malolos

Governor-General Ramon Blanco ordered the deportation of prominent citizens of Malolos, Bulacan on May 25, 1895.

1895-11-15
Cease of La Solidaridad publication

Due to financial difficulties, La Solidaridad ceased its publication on November 15, 1895.

1896-01-01
The Katipunan Revolt

The Katipunan was a liberationist movement founded by Andre Bonificio with the goal of gaining independence from Spain through armed revolt. The group gained more power when some ilustrados returned to the Philippines from exile.

1896-07-04
Marcelo del Pilar dies in Barcelona

On July 4, 1896, Marcelo del Pilar passed away in Barcelona due to tuberculosis. His remains were brought back to the Philippines in 1920.

1896-08-06
Rizal returns to Manila

In August 1896, Jose Rizal returned to Manila.

1896-08-19
Discovery of Katipunan

The secret organization named Katipunan, established by Andrés Bonifacio and his fellows in Tondo, Manila, was discovered by a Spanish friar on August 19, 1896, leading to the start of the Philippine Revolution.

1896-08-21
Andres Bonifacio creates new Katipunan code

In August 1896, Andres Bonifacio devised a new secret code for the Katipunan.

1896-08-23
Philippine Revolution

An armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the Spanish colonial authorities, eventually leading to the declaration of Philippine independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.

1896-08-24
Cry of Pugad Lawin

Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where the group decided to start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain. The event included a mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries.

1896-08-25
Skirmish between rebels and Spanish civil guard

The rebels came under attack by a Spanish civil guard unit, with the rebels having greater numbers but the Spanish being better armed. The forces disengaged after a brief skirmish and some casualties on both sides.

1896-08-26
Skirmish in Diliman

A skirmish took place on August 26, where rebels retreated towards Balara after engaging with civil guards in Diliman. The encounter led Governor-General Ramón Blanco to prepare for coming hostilities.

1896-08-28
Bonifacio's Proclamation for Manila Attack

Andrés Bonifacio issued a general proclamation on August 28, calling for the commencement of the revolution on August 29 with simultaneous attacks on Manila. He emphasized the need for unity and considered anyone obstructing the revolution as a traitor.

1896-08-29
Rebel Attacks on San Juan del Monte

Hostilities began on the evening of August 29, with rebels attacking the Civil Guard garrison in Pasig and Bonifacio's forces amassing in San Juan del Monte. The rebels attacked the powder magazine and water station, but were eventually driven back by reinforced Spanish forces.

1896-08-30
Battle of San Juan del Monte

On August 30, Bonifacio's forces engaged in the Battle of San Juan del Monte, attempting to capture the powder magazine and water station. Despite initial successes, the Spaniards, reinforced and outnumbering the rebels, pushed them back with heavy casualties.

1896-08-31
Attack on the tribunal of San Francisco de Malabon

Filipino revolutionaries under Mariano Trias launched an attack on the tribunal of San Francisco de Malabon.

1896-09-01
Battle of Imus

The Battle of Imus took place on September 1, 1896, in Cavite, Philippines. It was a significant victory for the Cavite revolutionaries led by Edilberto Evangelista and Jose Tagle, defeating the Spanish forces under General Ernesto Aguirre.

1896-09-02
Revolt led by Filipino General Mariano Llanera

Filipino General Mariano Llanera initiated a revolt against the Spaniards in Nueva Ecija.

1896-09-04
Execution of Four Revolutionaries in Luneta

Four revolutionaries were executed in Luneta during the Philippine Revolution.

1896-09-05
Battle of Imus

A significant battle known as the Battle of Imus took place during the Philippine Revolution.

1896-09-12
Execution of the 13 Martyrs of Cavite

The 13 martyrs of Cavite were executed during the Philippine Revolution.

1896-09-16
Imprisonment of 22 Prominent Residents of Manila

Twenty-two prominent residents of Manila were imprisoned during the Philippine Revolution.

1896-10-01
Arrival of First Spanish Reinforcements in Manila

The first reinforcements from Spain arrived in Manila during the Philippine Revolution.

1896-10-03
Rizal arrives in Barcelona

On October 3, 1896, Jose Rizal arrived in Barcelona.

1896-10-04
Rizal incarcerated in Castelle de Montjuic

Jose Rizal was imprisoned in Castelle de Montjuic on October 4, 1896, while en route to Cuba for a medical mission.

1896-10-06
Rizal sent back to the Philippines as a prisoner

On October 6, 1896, Jose Rizal was sent back to the Philippines as a prisoner.

1896-10-25
Governor-General Blanco declares state of war in Zambales, Bataan, and Sibugay provinces

Governor-General Blanco declared a state of war in Zambales, Bataan, and Sibugay provinces on October 25, 1896.

1896-10-31
Formation of Magdalo faction of the Katipunan under Baldomero Aguinaldo

On October 31, 1896, the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan was formed under the leadership of Baldomero Aguinaldo.

1896-11-03
Rizal imprisoned in Fort Santiago

Jose Rizal was imprisoned in Fort Santiago on November 3, 1896.

1896-11-09
Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican

The Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican took place on November 9, 1896.

1896-11-30
Julio Nakpil composes 'Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan'

On November 30, 1896, Julio Nakpil composed 'Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan', intended to be the national anthem of the Tagalog Republic.

1896-12-13
Gen. Camilio de Polavieja replaces Ramon Blanco as Governor-General of the Philippines

General Camilio de Polavieja replaced Ramon Blanco as the Governor-General of the Philippines on December 13, 1896.

1896-12-30
Death of Jose Rizal

Jose Rizal, an ilustrado and key figure in the Propaganda movement, was arrested and executed upon his return to the Philippines from exile. His writings fueled national consciousness and inspired Filipino nationalism, making him a martyr for the cause of Filipino independence.

1896-12-31
Magdalo and Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan convene

The Magdalo and Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan meet to settle disputes regarding leadership.

1897-01-01
Battle of Kakarong de Sili

The Battle of Kakarong de Sili took place on January 1, 1897, where the Kakarong Republic's fort was attacked and destroyed by a large Spanish force. General Gregorio del Pilar, then a lieutenant, was wounded in this battle.

1897-01-04
Execution of Eleven Bicolano martyrs

Eleven Bicolano martyrs are executed as part of the ongoing conflict.

1897-01-11
Execution of the 13 martyrs of Bagumbayan

Thirteen martyrs from Bagumbayan are executed during this event.

1897-01-14
Capture of Parañaque by Governor-General Polavieja

Governor-General Polavieja initiates his military campaign by seizing Parañaque.

1897-02-13
Gen. Jose Lachambre captures towns in Cavite

General Jose Lachambre leads troops to capture several towns in Cavite.

1897-03-17
Adoption of a flag by Katipunan leaders in Naic, Cavite

Katipunan leaders in Naic, Cavite, adopt a flag during this event.

1897-03-22
Tejeros Convention elects Aguinaldo and Trias

Aguinaldo is elected as President and Trias as Vice-President during the Tejeros Convention.

1897-03-23
Execution of the 19 martyrs of Aklan

Nineteen martyrs from Aklan are executed as part of the conflict.

1897-04-15
Arrest of Bonifacio by President Aguinaldo

President Aguinaldo orders the arrest of Bonifacio during this event.

1897-04-19
Bonifacio establishes independent government

Bonifacio creates a separate government apart from Aguinaldo's revolutionary government.

1897-04-23
General Camilo de Polavieja replaced

General Camilo de Polavieja is substituted by the former governor-general of the Philippines.

1897-04-28
Execution of Bonifacio

Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio were sentenced to death for sedition and treason, and were executed by Major Lázaro Makapagal near Maragondon.

1897-04-29
Trial and sentencing of Bonifacio brothers

The Bonifacio siblings face trial before the Council of War, found guilty, and given the death penalty.

1897-05-08
Commuted and revoked death sentence

President Aguinaldo initially commutes the Bonifacio brothers' death sentence but reverses the decision under pressure from Generals Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar.

1897-05-10
Execution of Bonifacio brothers

The Bonifacio brothers are executed at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon, Cavite.

1897-05-17
General amnesty by Governor-General Rivera

Governor-General Rivera grants a general amnesty to Filipinos who surrendered to the Spanish government.

1897-05-31
Establishment of Philippine republican government

Aguinaldo founds the Philippine republican government in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan.

1897-07-02
Decree on Cedula Requirement

Governor-General Rivera issues a decree mandating Filipinos to possess a cedula.

1897-10-28
Aguinaldo's Assembly Call

Aguinaldo summons an assembly to deliberate on their next steps.

1897-11-01
Signing of the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato

The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato is officially ratified on this date.

1897-12-14
Pact of Biak-na-Bato

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed on December 14, 1897, after negotiations between the Spanish Governor-General and the Filipino revolutionaries. It included the surrender of weapons, amnesty for participants, exile for the revolutionary leadership, and a payment of $400,000 in Mexican peso to the revolutionaries.

1897-12-15
Pact of Biak-na-Bato

The pact of Biak-na-Bato was declared on December 15, 1897, temporarily halting the Philippine Revolution. It involved Aguinaldo and other leaders accepting exile and monetary compensation in exchange for laying down arms, though the terms were not fully honored by either party.

1897-12-24
Exile of Aguinaldo and Top Revolutionaries

On December 24, 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo and eighteen other top officials of the Philippine revolution, including Mariano Llanera, Tomás Mascardo, and Gregorio del Pilar, left Biak-na-Bato for exile in Hong Kong.

1898-04-21
Start of the Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American War began on April 21, 1898, after the United States declared war against the Spanish Empire following the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor.

1898-05-01
Battle of Manila Bay

The U.S. Navy commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, leading to the start of the Philippine Revolution against the United States.

1898-05-19
Aguinaldo's Return and Proclamation

Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and assumed command of all Philippine forces. He announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator, promising to resign in favor of a duly elected president.

1898-05-28
Battle of Alapan

Aguinaldo raided the last stronghold of the Spanish Empire in Cavite, liberating the area with about 12,000 men. This battle marked the unfurling of the modern flag of the Philippines in victory.

1898-06-12
Proclamation of Philippine Independence

On June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo. The Philippine Declaration of Independence was read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, and the first Filipino flag was unfurled with the national anthem played for the first time.

1898-06-23
Establishment of Revolutionary Government

On June 23, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government, naming himself as president. This decision came after the advice of Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's adviser, to create a revolutionary government.

1898-07-04
Declaration of Independence

The Philippines declared independence from Spanish colonial rule, marking a significant moment in the country's history.

1898-07-15
Assumption of Civil Authority

On July 15, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines. This marked a significant step in the governance of the newly independent nation.

1898-08-12
Peace Protocol Signing between U.S. and Spain

On August 12, 1898, a peace protocol was signed in Washington between the United States and Spain, suspending hostilities and outlining the occupation of Manila by the U.S. forces.

1898-08-13
Battle of Manila

On August 13, 1898, U.S. forces attacked and captured Spanish positions in Manila, leading to confrontations with insurgents and the formal surrender of Manila to the United States.

1898-08-14
Establishment of U.S. Military Government in the Philippines

On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines under General Merritt, marking the beginning of military rule in the country.

1898-12-10
Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Paris was signed on this date, marking the end of the Spanish-American War. Through this treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines to the United States, leading to a significant shift in colonial power in the region.

1899-01-01
Treaty of Paris assigning control of the Philippines to the US

The Treaty of Paris, assigned by Aguinaldo, handed over control of the Philippines to the United States, marking the end of their brief period of independence.

1899-01-09
Peace Conference

From January 9-29, 1899, a Peace Conference took place.

1899-01-21
First Philippine Republic Inaugurated

On January 21, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was inaugurated.

1899-01-23
Filipinos proclaiming an independent republic and electing Emilio Aguinaldo as president

On January 23, 1899, Filipinos declared their independence and chose Emilio Aguinaldo, a prominent nationalist leader, as their president.

1899-01-27
Filipino Government Proclaims Constitution

On January 27, 1899, the Filipino Government proclaimed its Constitution.

1899-02-02
Hostilities between U.S. and Filipino forces

On February 2, 1899, hostilities broke out between U.S. and Filipino forces, leading to a turning point in the Philippine–American War.

1899-02-04
Start of the Philippine-American War

On February 4, 1899, fighting broke out between Filipino and American forces, marking the beginning of the Philippine-American War. Emilio Aguinaldo declared war against the United States, leading to a conflict that resulted in the Philippines becoming a colony of the United States.

1901-03-23
Capture of Emilio Aguinaldo

U.S. forces captured Emilio Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, which marked a significant event in the Philippine–American War.

1902-07-02
Termination of Military Governor Office in the Philippines

On July 2, 1902, the United States Secretary of War announced the termination of the office of military governor in the Philippines, as the insurrection against the United States had ceased and civil governments were established in most provinces.

1902-07-04
General Amnesty Proclamation by President Theodore Roosevelt

President Theodore Roosevelt declared a general amnesty and announced the end of the conflict on July 4, 1902.

1907-03
First Elected Assembly in the Philippines

In 1907, the Philippines held its first elected assembly.

1916-03-08
Jones Act

The Jones Act of 1916 pledged eventual independence for the Philippines.

1924
Inang Filipina Shrine Monument

In memory of the 1,200 Katipuneros who perished in the Battle of Kakarong de Sili, the Kakarong Lodge No. 168 of the Legionarios del Trabajo erected the Inang Filipina Shrine Monument in 1924 in Pandi, Bulacan.

1936
Formation of Commonwealth Government in the Philippines

In 1936, a commonwealth government was established in the Philippines, with Manuel L. Quezon becoming the president. This marked a transitional period before the country's intended independence.

1946-07-04
Independence of the Philippines

On July 4, 1946, the Philippines finally gained full independence from the United States, 50 years after the start of the revolution against Spanish colonial rule.

1954
The Philippine Revolution

A book by Gregorio Zaide in 1954, focusing on the Philippine Revolution.

2001
The Philippine revolution of 1896: ordinary lives in extraordinary times

A book by Florentino Rodao and Felice Noelle Rodríguez in 2001, exploring the ordinary lives during the extraordinary times of the Philippine revolution in 1896.

2002-04-09
Proclamation of End of Philippine-American War by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

On April 9, 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared that the Philippine-American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar. She also designated the centennial anniversary of this event as a national holiday.

End of the Timeline
Philippine Revolution
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