Luxembourg's history dates back to Roman times, with recorded history starting in 963. Key events include Treaty of London in 1839 and WWII in 1940.
The Treaty of Verdun in 843 resulted in Luxembourg falling under Middle Francia. This political shift played a crucial role in shaping the territorial boundaries and governance of the region during that period.
In 963, nobleman Siegfried signed a charter with the Saint Maximin Abbey in Trier to acquire a promontory overlooking a river, leading to the natural development of the first small castle. The strategic location of the promontory, close to water and on a major trade route, made Luxembourg a popular settlement.
Luxembourg City was founded around the year 1000.
John I, Count of Hainaut, is born in Houffalize, Luxembourg. He later ruled from 1246 to 1257.
John the Blind, who later became the King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg, is born in Luxembourg. He reigned from 1310 to 1346.
Bonne of Luxembourg, the wife of John II of France, is born. She lived from 1315 to 1349.
On July 11, 1346, Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected as the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1354, the emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy. This change in status signified the increasing importance and power of Luxembourg as a political entity.
The Peace of Ath was signed on June 4, 1357, by Count Louis II of Flanders and Duke Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, effectively ending the attempt of the succession of Brabant.
In 1443, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, seized Luxembourg by surprise, marking a turning point in its history. This event led to a new era for the city as it became part of the territory of the Netherlands and faced challenges from rival powers.
Engelbert II, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg-Dietz and viceroy of Luxembourg, was born in Breda, Netherlands. He later became an important figure in the history of Luxembourg.
In 1477, Luxembourg came under Habsburg rule after a brief period of Burgundian rule. This marked a significant shift in the country's governance and political landscape.
On September 22, 1504, the engagement between Karel of Luxembourg and Claudia the Beaujeu was settled.
In 1505, Philibert of Luxembourg expelled Jews from Orange Burgandy.
French troops invaded Luxembourg on July 7, 1543.
In 1554, a fire broke out in Ville Haute.
Construction of La Fontaine Castle commenced in 1563.
The construction of City Hall was completed in 1572.
In 1598, Philip II of Spain bequeathed Luxembourg and the other Low Countries to his daughter, the Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia, and her husband Albert VII, Archduke of Austria. This marked a significant transfer of power and ownership in the region.
In 1603, Collège des Jésuites was established.
Neimënster Abbey was constructed in 1606.
The cornerstone of the Church of Notre Dame was laid in 1613.
After the childless death of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria in 1621, Luxembourg passed to his great-nephew and heir Philip IV of Spain. This transition of power had implications for the governance and control of Luxembourg.
The construction of Capuchin monastery was completed in 1623.
François‑Henri de Montmorency, a French military officer and Duke of Luxembourg, was born in Paris, France. He played a significant role in the military history of Luxembourg.
In 1644, tunnels were constructed in the city.
Paul Aler, a French Jesuit and poet known for his work 'Gradus ad Parnassum', was born in Luxembourg. His contributions to literature and Jesuit order are noteworthy.
The Place d'Armes was designed and constructed around this time, serving as a central square in the city.
Louis XIV of France invaded Luxembourg in 1684, causing alarm among France's neighbors and leading to the formation of the League of Augsburg in 1686. The subsequent War of the Grand Alliance resulted in France giving up the duchy, which was returned to the Habsburgs by the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697.
The Lambert Fortress was constructed, adding to the defensive structures of the city and showcasing military architecture of the time.
Jean-Bernard Knepper took office as the mayor of Luxembourg, leading the city during this period.
Following the Treaty of Ryswick, the Spaniards gained control and authority over Luxembourg, impacting the governance and administration of the city.
Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, a Bavarian general, was born in Arlon, Province of Luxembourg, Belgium. He became a prominent military figure in the region.
In 1713, Luxembourg became a part of the Southern Netherlands under the Austrian line of the Habsburg dynasty. This integration into a larger political entity shaped Luxembourg's future trajectory.
The Austrians took over governance and rule of Luxembourg, shaping the political and cultural environment of the city.
Habsburg rule over Luxembourg was confirmed in 1715 by the Treaty of Utrecht, and the duchy was integrated into the Southern Netherlands. Emperor Joseph and his successor Emperor Charles VI were descendants of Spanish kings who were heirs of Albert VII.
The construction of Fort Thüngen commenced, adding to the defensive fortifications of Luxembourg and representing military strategy of the era.
Georg Christoph Grosheim, a German composer, was born in Kasel, Duchy of Luxembourg (now Germany). His musical compositions left a lasting impact on the cultural heritage of the region.
The United States officially recognized Luxembourg as a country in 1776.
The Château de Septfontaines was erected outside the city in Rollingergrund, serving as a notable architectural and historical landmark.
In 1794, the French forces initiated the Siege of Luxembourg, marking the start of a military operation to capture the city.
The Siege of Luxembourg concluded on June 7, 1795, signifying the end of the military conflict and the city's liberation from the French forces.
The annexation of Luxembourg by Revolutionary France was formalized at Campo Formio in 1797.
In 1798, Luxembourgish peasants initiated a rebellion against the French rule, known as the Peasant's War, but it was quickly suppressed.
In 1800, François Scheffer assumed the position of mayor in Luxembourg, taking on the responsibilities of leading the city and its administration.
A lightning strike hit a gunpowder warehouse in Luxembourg on June 26, 1807, resulting in the death of 230 people.
Luxembourg celebrates its sovereignty and independence on June 9, 1815.
Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, a Dutch minister of Foreign affairs, was born in Dommeldange, Luxembourg. He played a significant role in Dutch foreign policy during his career.
Adolphe, also known as Adolf Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich, was born in Biebrich Palace, Wiesbaden. He served as the Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1890 to 1905.
Norwich Duff, a contemporary from Britain, visited Luxembourg and described it as one of the strongest fortifications in Europe, garrisoned by Prussians and under Dutch civil government.
Luxembourg made the use of the metric system of measurement compulsory, replacing local units like the 'malter' which was equivalent to 191 litres.
In 1821, the Luxemburger Wochenblatt newspaper commenced its publication, becoming a significant source of news and information for the residents of Luxembourg.
In 1827, the Journal de la ville et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg newspaper started its publication, providing news and information to the residents of Luxembourg and the Grand Duchy.
Amalia of Saxen-Weimar-Eisenach, a Dutch princess and wife of Prince Henry of the Netherlands, was born in Walferdange, Luxembourg. She lived until 1872.
The Roman Catholic diocese of Luxembourg was established in 1833, marking an important religious development in the region.
In 1838, the construction of the City Hall, known as Hôtel de Ville, was completed in Luxembourg, serving as a significant landmark in the city.
The Treaty of London signed on April 19, 1839, established Belgium as an independent kingdom and Luxembourg as a Grand Duchy.
Luxembourg gained full independence from the Netherlands on June 9, 1839.
Luxembourg gained its independence on June 9, 1839, through the Treaty of London, establishing its neutrality and territorial integrity.
Luxembourg celebrates its National Day on June 23rd, commemorating the birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte.
On September 19, 1839, Luxembourg gained full independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This event marked the sovereignty of Luxembourg as a separate nation.
On November 9, 1839, Luxembourg gained full independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Treaty of London was signed on 19th November 1839, leading to the establishment of the independent and neutral status of Luxembourg.
Luxembourg gained its independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands through the Treaty of London on November 23, 1839.
The constitutional charter of 1841 granted political stability to Luxembourg, allowing the country to continue its state-building and nation-building efforts. This charter played a crucial role in shaping Luxembourg's governance and identity.
Recognizing economic challenges due to the loss of Belgian markets, the grand duke integrated Luxembourg into the German Zollverein in 1842, despite remaining an underdeveloped agrarian country for most of the century.
Gabriel Lippmann, a French physicist and inventor, was born in Bonnevoie, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. He lived until 1921.
The Luxemburger Wort newspaper commenced its publication in 1848, becoming a prominent source of news and information for the people of Luxembourg.
The Society of the Natural Sciences was established in 1850, promoting the study and exploration of natural phenomena and scientific research in Luxembourg.
Guillaume IV, who served as the Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1905 to 1912, was born in Biebrich Palace, Wiesbaden, Duchy of Nassau. He lived until 1912.
In 1855, the Pescatore Institute, a charitable organization, was founded in Luxembourg, dedicated to providing assistance and support to those in need.
By 1858, the population of Luxembourg had reached 13,129 inhabitants, reflecting the demographic growth and changes in the city.
The Luxembourg railway station was opened in 1859, enhancing transportation connectivity and facilitating travel for both residents and visitors to the city.
In 1860, the Hall of the Chamber of Deputies was constructed in Luxembourg.
Johann Peter Kirsch, a Luxembourg church historian and archaeologist, was born in Dippach, Luxembourg. He lived until 1941.
In 1866, the Luxembourg crisis almost led to a war between France and Prussia due to conflicting interests in Luxembourg. The crisis was resolved by the Second Treaty of London in 1867, ensuring Luxembourg's independence and neutrality.
In May 1867, a compromise was reached in London where Prussia had to withdraw its garrison from Luxembourg, the fort would be dismantled, and Luxembourg would become an independent nation.
On June 8, 1867, Luxembourg gained full independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands through the Treaty of London.
Luxembourg gained full independence from the Netherlands on June 23, 1867.
Luxembourg gained its independence on September 9, 1867.
The Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg came into effect on October 17, 1868.
In 1872, the Pescatore Museum opened its doors in Luxembourg.
The United States officially acknowledged Luxembourg as a sovereign nation in 1877.
Michel Théato, a Luxembourgian athlete who won an Olympic gold medal representing France in the marathon event in 1900, was born in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. He passed away in 1923.
The United States officially recognized Luxembourg on May 31, 1878.
Edward Steichen, a Luxembourgish-American photographer known for his work 'The Family of Man', was born in Bivange, Luxembourg. He passed away in 1973.
The Casino Bourgeois opened in 1882 in Luxembourg.
Hugo Gernsback, a Luxembourg-born American inventor and science fiction writer who established the Hugo Awards, was born in Luxembourg. He passed away in 1967.
Robert Schuman, a Luxembourg-born French statesman who served as the Prime Minister of France from 1947 to 1948, was born in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. He passed away in 1963.
François Faber, a Luxembourgian cyclist who participated in the Tour de France in 1909, was born in Aulnay-sur-lton, France. He lived between 1887 and 1915.
In 1890, the city became a part of the independent Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
The Museum of Natural History opened its doors in Pfaffenthal in 1892.
Marie-Adélaïde, the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, was born in Berg Castle, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg. She later passed away in 1924.
The publication of Ons Hemecht commenced in 1895.
Charlotte, the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1919 to 1964, was born in Berg Castle, Luxembourg. She passed away in 1985.
Nicolas Frantz, a Luxembourgish road cyclist who won the Tour de France in 1927 and 1928, was born in Mamer, Capellen, Luxembourg. He passed away in 1985.
Luxembourg-born Michel Théato, representing France, won the Paris Olympics marathon on July 19, 1900, finishing ahead of Émile Champion.
The Adolphe Bridge was constructed in 1903.
Alphonse Munchen was elected as mayor in 1904.
By 1905, the population of the city had grown to 20,984.
The Conservatoire de Luxembourg was established in 1906.
French cyclist Lucien Petit-Breton successfully defended his Tour de France title on August 9, 1908, defeating François Faber of Luxembourg.
In 1910, the Cercle Municipal building was inaugurated in Luxembourg.
Marie-Adélaïde, the eldest daughter of Guillaume IV, ascended to the throne as the first reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg in 1912.
The Luxembourg railway station was rebuilt in 1913.
In 1914, the German 69th infantry regiment crossed into Luxembourg as part of the events following the outbreak of World War I.
On August 2, 1914, German forces overthrew the government in Luxembourg, leading to the occupation of the country.
The end of the occupation in November 1918 marked a period of uncertainty on both international and national levels. The victorious Allies were displeased with the decisions made by local elites, leading to discussions about the country's integration into a greater Belgium and calls for a republic within Luxembourg.
On January 9, 1919, the Luxembourg Rebellion led to the establishment of the Luxembourg republic, with Émile Servais at its helm. The rebellion marked a significant event in Luxembourg's political history.
The Belgium-Luxembourg toll tunnel was inaugurated on May 1, 1920, providing a new transportation link between the two countries.
Camillo Felgen, a Luxembourgish baritone pop and schlager singer known for songs like 'Bonjour les amies / Hello Friends', was born in Tétange, Luxembourg. He was also a lyricist, translator, and broadcaster. He passed away in 2005.
On 16 December 1920, Luxembourg became a member of the League of Nations, showcasing its efforts to actively participate in international organizations to safeguard its autonomy.
Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, was born in Berg Castle, Luxembourg. He reigned as the Grand Duke from 1964 to 2000 and passed away in 2019.
In 1921, Belgium and Luxembourg signed an agreement to form a customs union, strengthening economic ties between the two nations.
Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano, also known as Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, was born in Berg Castle, Luxembourg. He reigned as the Grand Duke from 1964 to 2000 and passed away in 2019.
On October 23, 1923, the U.S. Ambassador to Belgium, Henry P., presented his credentials as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Luxembourg.
The steel cartel involving Germany, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg came to an end on September 30, 1926, impacting the steel industry in the region.
Josy Barthel, a Luxembourgish 1500m runner who won the Olympic gold in 1952, was born in Mamer, Luxembourg. He passed away in 1992.
Gaston Thorn, the 20th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1974–79) and 7th President of the European Commission (1981–85), was born in Luxembourg. He passed away in 2007.
During the 1930s, Sandweiler Airport was inaugurated in Luxembourg.
In 1933, the Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra was established.
Juliet Campbell was appointed as the British ambassador to Luxembourg in 1935.
Jacques Santer, a Luxembourg politician who served as President of the European Commission from 1995 to 1999, was born in Wasserbillig, Luxembourg.
Camille Dimmer, a Luxembourgish soccer forward who played for various clubs, was born in Clervaux, Luxembourg. He earned 19 caps during his career and passed away in 2023.
Luxembourg declared its neutrality and issued an official proclamation on 6 September 1939 at the beginning of World War II.
German armed forces invaded Luxembourg on 10 May 1940, leading to the exile of the Luxembourgish government and monarchy.
In 1941, the government of Luxembourg established a representation in Canada.
August 18, 1940, witnessed the gathering of the Volksdeutsche Bewegung rally in Luxembourg.
In October 1941, a census was conducted in Luxembourg which included questions about citizenship, mother tongue, and ethnicity. The majority of the population answered with 'Lëtzebuergesch', showing opposition to Luxembourg's incorporation into the Third Reich.
From 1 to 3 September 1942, a general strike paralyzed administration, agriculture, industry, and education in response to forced conscription by the German administration. The strike was violently suppressed, leading to executions and deportations to Nazi concentration camps.
In 1943, the Government of Luxembourg relocated to the United Kingdom on October 14th.
On November 12th, Anthony J. Drexel Biddle Jr. presented his credentials to the Government of Luxembourg in London.
Schoenfeld was appointed as Chargé d’Affaires on March 21, 1944, but did not present his credentials before his appointment was superseded.
On September 9, 1944, the Allied forces successfully liberated Luxembourg from German occupation during World War II.
U.S. forces liberated most of Luxembourg in September 1944, entering the capital city on 10 September 1944. The Ardennes Offensive briefly saw German troops retake northern Luxembourg, but the Allied forces eventually expelled them in January 1945.
Charles Sawyer presented his credentials as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister to Luxembourg on September 23, 1944.
On February 7, 1945, the US 76th and 5th Infantry divisions crossed the Sauer river near Echternach, Luxembourg, and breached the Siegfried Line during World War II.
In 1946, Émile Hamilius assumed office as the mayor of the city.
On October 29, 1947, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands formed the Benelux Union, a political and economic union aimed at promoting cooperation and integration among the three countries.
Luxembourg, along with Belgium and the Netherlands, formed the Benelux Customs Union in 1948, establishing an economic union between the three countries.
On January 29, 1949, Great Britain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Switzerland officially recognized the state of Israel.
On January 16, 1950, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands recognized the state of Israel, showing support and establishing diplomatic relations.
In 1952, Luxembourg was chosen as the provisional headquarters of the first European Community, the Coal and Steel Community. This decision marked the beginning of Luxembourg's role as one of the three headquarters of the European Union.
Jean-Claude Juncker, a Luxembourg politician who served as President of the European Commission from 2014 onwards, was born in Redange, Luxembourg.
Henri, the current Grand Duke of Luxembourg, was born in Castle Betzdorf, Betzdorf, Luxembourg.
On September 21, 1956, an ambassador was appointed to represent the United States in Luxembourg.
Luxembourg played a significant role in the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957, which later evolved into the European Union.
On July 19, 1958, Luxembourg cyclist Charly Gaul emerged victorious in the 45th Tour de France, showcasing his exceptional cycling skills and endurance.
On December 2, 1958, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed the Benelux treaty, further solidifying their cooperation and partnership within the union.
On March 18, 1961, Jean-Claude Pascal represented Luxembourg and won the 6th Eurovision Song Contest with the song 'Nous les amoureux' in Cannes, showcasing Luxembourg's musical talent on an international stage.
Bertrand Gachot, a French racing driver, was born in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Jean ascends to the position of Grand Duke of Luxembourg.
Desiree Nosbusch, a Luxembourgish actress known for her role in 'The Fan', was born in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
Patricia R. Harris becomes the first African American woman to be appointed as the US ambassador to Luxembourg.
Dany Theis, a Luxembourgian soccer midfielder and manager, was born in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg. He had a successful career playing for Jeunesse Esch FC and later managed teams like Differdange 03, F91 Dudelange, and Jeunesse Esch FC.
In 1970, Colette Flesch assumed the position of mayor in Luxembourg.
Luxembourg experienced its first general strike since 1942 on October 9, 1973.
Gaston Thorn took the initiative to form the government of Luxembourg on June 18, 1974.
The European Court of Auditors set up its headquarters in the city in 1975.
Benoît Joachim, a Luxembourg cyclist, was born in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
On April 3, 1977, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg collectively decided to adopt summer time.
The book covers the history of the Low Countries from 1780 to 1940.
In 1979, the publication 'Ons Stad' commenced.
Fränk Schleck, a Luxembourgish cyclist, was born on this day.
Guillaume, the Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, was born in Luxembourg City on November 11, 1981.
Lydie Polfer took office as mayor in 1982.
Vicky Krieps, known for her role in 'Corsage', was born in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg on October 4, 1983.
The Hilton Luxembourg hotel was constructed in 1984.
In 1985, Luxembourg declared Lëtzebuergesch as the national language, a significant step towards asserting its independence and cultural identity.
Alexandra of Luxembourg, daughter of Henri Grand Duke of Luxembourg, was born in Luxembourg City on February 16, 1991.
Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg was born in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg on April 16, 1992.
Luxembourg assumed an active role in the European Union (EU) when it was created in 1993, hosting EU administrative offices and contributing prominent figures like Prime Ministers Jacques Santer and Jean-Claude Juncker.
The European Investment Fund established its headquarters in the city in 1994, playing a significant role in financing and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises in Luxembourg.
On January 19, 1995, Jean-Claude Juncker, aged 28, took the oath as the Prime Minister of Luxembourg.
The Luxembourg City History Museum was founded in 1996, offering visitors a glimpse into the rich historical past of Luxembourg through its exhibits and collections.
On March 4, 1998, Prince Henri was appointed as 'Lieutenant Représentant' (Hereditary Grand Duke), paving the way for his future assumption of the title and constitutional duties of Grand Duke.
On January 1, 1999, Luxembourg adopted the Euro as its official currency, replacing the Luxembourgish franc. This decision aimed to enhance economic integration with other European Union member states.
On October 7, 2000, Grand Duke Jean abdicated the throne in favor of Prince Henri, who took on the role of Grand Duke, marking a significant transition in Luxembourg's monarchy.
Approximately in 2001, the city website went online.
In 2002, Luxembourg officially adopts the Euro (EUR €) as its currency.
The University of Luxembourg was established in 2003, reflecting the country's commitment to furthering education and enhancing its status as an independent nation.
On September 10, 2004, Jean-Claude Juncker assumed the role of President of the Eurogroup, representing finance ministers from eurozone countries and earning the nickname 'Mr Euro'.
On July 10, 2005, the proposed European Constitution was approved by 56.52% of voters in Luxembourg, following threats of resignation by Prime Minister Juncker, signifying a pivotal moment in the country's relationship with the EU.
Luxembourg becomes the first country to fully switch to digital television broadcasting.
In 2007, the city was designated as the European Capital of Culture for the second time.
In 2008, the Judiciary City was officially inaugurated.
Andy Schleck from Luxembourg emerges as the champion of the 97th Tour de France.
In 2011, Xavier Bettel assumed the position of mayor.
In July 2013, Luxembourg's ruling coalition was toppled when the LSAP withdrew its support for Juncker due to a scandal involving illegal activity by the country's intelligence service.
Snap elections were held in October 2013 in Luxembourg, where the CSV won the largest share of the vote but fell short of a majority.
In December 2013, DP leader Xavier Bettel was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Luxembourg after the LSAP formed a ruling coalition with the Democratic Party and the Greens.
On November 1, 2014, former Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker was elected as the President of the European Commission, succeeding Jose Manuel Barroso, in a significant appointment for the EU.
The article examines the integration of cosmopolitan and local aspects in the curricular construction of citizens in Luxembourg during the long 19th century.
In 2017, Line T1 of the Luxembourg City tramway commenced operations, including the Pfaffenthal-Kirchberg station and the Pfaffenthal-Kirchberg funicular.
Luxembourg sets a milestone by becoming the first country to offer free public transport services to its citizens.
In 2019, the National Library of Luxembourg opened its new site on the Kirchberg, providing a modern and updated facility for visitors and researchers.
In 2020, Luxembourg implemented a policy of free public transport in both Luxembourg City and the entire country, aiming to reduce traffic congestion and promote sustainable transportation.
The Stade de Luxembourg was inaugurated in 2021, replacing the Stade Josy Barthel as the national stadium of Luxembourg, providing a modern venue for sports events and gatherings.