In 1575, Francesco Rampazetto invented the scrittura tattile, a machine capable of impressing letters on paper. This early typing instrument laid the groundwork for future developments in writing technology.

In 1714, Henry Mill, an English inventor, filed the first patent for a 'writing machine' in England. This patent was the pioneering concept of a writing machine.

In 1714, Queen Anne of England granted a patent to Henry Mill for an 'artificial machine', which was originally intended as a machine for the blind but later evolved into something significant for American society.

Henry Mill of England received the first patent for a 'writing machine,' which introduced the concept of a machine for transcribing letters, similar to a typewriter.

In 1801, an Italian individual contributed to the early development of typewriters.

In 1802, Italian Agostino Fantoni developed a typewriter specifically to enable his blind sister to write. This invention aimed to provide accessibility and independence in writing for individuals with visual impairments.

In 1808, Italian Pellegrino Turri built the first proven working typewriter for his blind friend Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizzano. Although the machine's appearance is unknown, letters written by the Countess using it have been preserved.

Christopher Sholes, an American mechanical engineer, was born on February 14, 1819 in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania. He later went on to invent the first modern typewriter in 1866, with the support of his business partners Samuel Soule and Carlos Glidden.

In 1823, Italian Pietro Conti da Cilavegna invented a new model of the typewriter called the tachigrafo, also known as tachitipo. This invention added to the evolution of typewriters with different functionalities.

In 1829, the first American patent for a writing machine was granted to William Burt, and for the typewriter in 1843 by Charles Thurber. However, these early machines were not as successful as the later models. Christopher Latham Sholes played a crucial role in the success of the typewriter by finding a capable partner in James Densmore.

On March 9, 1829, William A. Burt patented the Typographer in the United States. Although not the first to create such a device, it was the first registered patent for the typewriter. The Typographer was a combination of dials and keys, which was slower to use compared to writing by hand.

Thomas Oliver was born in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada, on August 1st, 1852. He later became a Methodist minister and developed a typewriter to produce more legible sermons.

In 1855, Italian Giuseppe Ravizza developed a prototype typewriter named Cembalo scrivano o macchina da scrivere a tasti ('Scribe harpsichord, or machine for writing with keys'). This advanced machine allowed users to see the writing as it was typed, enhancing the writing experience.

In 1861, Brazilian priest Father Francisco João de Azevedo constructed a typewriter using basic materials like wood and knives. His invention was recognized by the Brazilian emperor D. Pedro II, who awarded him a gold medal, although there is some controversy surrounding Azevedo's claim as the inventor of the typewriter.

In 1864, Austrian carpenter Peter Mitterhofer created various typewriter prototypes.

Rasmus Malling-Hansen, a Danish inventor, created the Hansen Writing Ball, which was the first commercially produced typewriter product. By 1878, he made refinements to the machine, including an arrangement of 52 keys on a large brass hemisphere.

In 1867, Christopher Latham Sholes was inspired to invent the typewriter after reading about a new British machine in Scientific American. This inspiration eventually led to the creation of the first practical typewriter.

Christopher Latham Sholes prototyped the first modern typewriter on January 1, 1868. The typewriter was designed to strike paper from below, revolutionizing the way written communication was produced.

In 1868, American inventor Christopher Latham Sholes patented the first practical typewriter, which was a significant improvement in speed compared to handwriting. This invention marked a milestone in the history of writing technology.

In 1870, Danish pastor Rasmus Malling-Hansen invented the 'writing ball' typewriter, which marked the beginning of successful commercial production of typewriters. The device resembled a pincushion and was well-engineered.

On March 9, 1872, Thomas Edison made significant improvements to the typewriter design by creating straight keys that made it easier to use. He also developed the first electric model of the typewriter, further enhancing its usability.

On March 1, 1873, Remington began production of its first typewriter in Ilion, New York. This typewriter featured the QWERTY keyboard layout, which became widely adopted by other typewriter manufacturers due to the machine's success.

In 1874, the first 'Sholes & Glidden Typewriter' was offered for sale by the Remington Arms Company. Initially not a success, the machine later gained popularity due to improvements made by Remington engineers.

Investor James Densmore bought the rights to Christopher Latham Sholes' typewriter machine and brought it to E. Remington and Sons gunmakers for mass production. An engineer from the company added the foot treadle for the carriage return, paving the way for better typewriter models.

Remington acquired the typewriter rights from Charles Sholes and Carlos S. Glidden in 1873 and refined the typewriter, introducing it to the market on July 1, 1874. This marked the first commercially successful typewriter.

The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, manufactured by Remington in 1876, revolutionized the way people communicated by allowing them to type letters and documents. Over time, typewritten letters became a thoughtful gift for friends and family, adding a personal touch to messages.

The Remington Model 2 typewriter, the first shift-key typewriter, was introduced in 1878. It allowed for the typing of both capital and lowercase letters without increasing the number of keys.

The Caligraph 1 was introduced as a typewriter model, following the advancements made in the field of typewriters. It marked a significant step in the evolution of typewriting technology.

The Hall typewriter, invented by Thomas Hall in 1881, was the first index model of the typewriter. It allowed letters to be selected using an index card under a frame with holes, making it the most popular model of its time.

On March 2, 1882, the Caligraph 2 typewriter model was introduced as the second version of the Caligraph typewriter series.

The first book submitted in typed form was 'Life on the Mississippi' in 1883, also by Mark Twain, contrary to his initial claim.

The Hammond typewriter emerged as a strong competitor to the Remington 1, introducing features that are still used in typewriters today. It featured hardened rubber keys that could be easily replaced, and innovative concepts like the semi-circular type shuttle and turret.

The introduction of the Remington Type-Writer in 1884 was considered transformative for American businesses, relieving business men of pen-work drudgery and increasing efficiency.

The Velograph was the first typewriter produced in Switzerland, featuring a dial instead of keys. Despite its precision, it became obsolete compared to other models like the Sholes and Glidden, leading to its replacement.

An article written by P.G. Hubert, Jr. for the 'North American Review' in June 1888, providing a chronology of the typewriter’s invention process, public’s opinion, manufacturing process, and workers’ compensation. It includes illustrations of Philo Remington, the first typewriter produced, and typewriter production.

The main design of Oliver Typewriters, known as 'down strike', remained mostly unchanged throughout the company's history. This design allowed for visible print as the text was being entered.

The Smith Premier Typewriter, introduced in 1890, was a popular full-keyboard understroke typewriter.

Thomas Oliver was awarded his first typewriter patent, US Patent No. 450,107, on April 7th, 1891, for the typewriter he developed using strips of tin cans.

In 1892, Remington published a lesson-style book on typewriting, providing instruction on typing techniques and methods.

The Gardner typewriter, patented in 1893, aimed to reduce size and cost by printing 84 symbols with only 14 keys and two change-case keys. The character printed was determined by the position of the case keys, offering six cases.

In 1894, William E. Hagan described how typewriters could be identified based on their unique characteristics in producing documents.

The Underwood #5 typewriter, introduced in 1895, marked the beginning of the frontstroke typebar machines era. It became the most popular model of early Underwood typewriters, with millions produced.

The 'Underwood 1' typewriter, introduced in 1896, was the first to have a typing area fully visible to the typist until a key was struck. This innovation allowed typists to see and correct typing as it proceeded.

The Underwood 1 Typewriter was developed in 1897, being the first typewriter with a typing area fully visible to the typist. Originally designed by Franz X. Wagner in 1892, it was later taken over by John T. Underwood in 1895, leading to the typewriter's name.

The Smith Premiere No 2 typewriter was released in the year 1898.

By 1900, prominent typewriter manufacturers such as E. Remington and Sons, IBM, and others had established themselves in the market, marking a significant development in the typewriter industry.

In 1901, the Underwood Typewriter Company introduced the popular Underwood No. 5 typewriter, which became a widely used model and spawned imitations from other companies like Royal and Oliver.

The Blickensderfer Manufacturing Company produced an electric typewriter in 1902, featuring a cylindrical typewheel design. Despite its innovative approach, it did not achieve commercial success due to being ahead of its time.

In 1903, the founders of Smith Premier Typewriter Co. left due to disagreements with Union Typewriter Co. They then established L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter Co.

In 1908, George Carl Mares authored 'The History of the Typewriter', providing an illustrated account of the origin, rise, and development of the writing machine.

In 1909, the first successful portable typewriters were introduced to the market, revolutionizing the typewriter industry. These portables were more efficient and convenient compared to the earlier type-wheel machines.

By around 1910, the manual or mechanical typewriter had achieved a somewhat standardized design, with minor variations among manufacturers. Each key was attached to a typebar with the corresponding letter molded in reverse, striking a ribbon to make a printed mark on paper.

Underwood released a manual on typewriter bookkeeping in 1911, which was beneficial for individuals involved in producing invoices and office financial records.

In 1914, James Fields Smathers of Kansas City invented the first practical power-operated typewriter, which later paved the way for the development of electric typewriters.

In 1915, the Underwood No. 5 typewriter won the First Grand Prize at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, showcasing its quality and innovation.

The Fox Typewriter company introduced the first collapsible typewriter in 1917. It was innovative as the carriage could collapse and slide backwards, making it the first portable machine. Despite facing design theft lawsuits, this invention hinted at the future of portable writing devices.

In 1920, the Oliver Visible typewriter was introduced, becoming the first effective 'visible print' typewriter. This American typewriter was highly successful, producing over one million machines between 1895 and 1928.

On the 50th anniversary of the typewriter, The Herkimer County History Society published 'The Story of the Typewriter 1873-1923' to commemorate the achievements of Christopher Sholes and the Sholes-Glidden company.

This publication delves into the story of the invention of the type-writer, shedding light on the historical background and significance of this early writing machine.

In October 1927, Royal Typewriter Co. achieved a milestone by producing its one millionth typewriter, showcasing their manufacturing prowess.

In 1929, Northeast Electric Company produced the first Electromatic Typewriter after deciding to enter the typewriter business for itself.

Production of the Underwood No. 5 typewriter ceased in 1932 due to the introduction of newer models with advanced features.

The Electromatic Typewriter was introduced in 1933, but further details are not provided in the input.

The Mignon typewriter, one of the last widely available western index machines, was produced by AEG until 1934. It was known for its interchangeable indexes and type, allowing the use of different fonts and character sets.

IBM launched their electric typewriter in 1935, establishing dominance in the electric typewriter market.

The Automatic/Repetitive Typewriter, produced by M. Shultz Company in 1939, allowed for information storage and retrieval, enhancing efficiency in typing tasks by automatically storing and reproducing typed information.

In 1941, IBM announced the Electromatic Model 04 electric typewriter, featuring proportional spacing and carbon-film ribbons for clearer and sharper words on the page.

In 1948, the American branch of the Newcomen Society wrote a brief history of the typewriter, focusing on American business achievements.

Composer Leroy Anderson wrote The Typewriter in 1950 for orchestra and typewriter. It became famous through its use as the theme for numerous radio programs and was later popularized by comedian Jerry Lewis in the 1963 film Who's Minding the Store?

In 1953, a specialized high-speed form of 'typewriter' was introduced to convert the output of computers to readable form. These machines operated by feeding paper between a rotating type wheel and electrically actuated printing hammers, achieving speeds up to 100,000 characters per minute.

Bruce Bliven's book provides a general history of the typewriter, offering a comprehensive overview of the development and impact of this writing technology.

In 1956, electrical operation was introduced for portable typewriters, further enhancing their functionality and ease of use. This innovation marked a significant advancement in typewriter technology.

The Selectric Typewriter introduced in 1961 utilized a revolving typeball, improving typing speed and accuracy compared to traditional typewriters, marking a significant advancement in typewriter technology.

Cormac McCarthy's Olivetti Lettera 32 typewriter, on which he wrote most of his novels and screenplays, was auctioned for charity at Christie's for US$254,500 in 2009.

In 1964, the integration of magnetic tape technology with the Selectric Typewriter further enhanced data storage and retrieval capabilities, contributing to increased efficiency in typing tasks.

By 1970, offset printing started replacing letterpress printing, leading to the adaptation of the Composer as the output unit for a typesetting system. This system involved a computer-driven input station to record keystrokes on magnetic tape and a Composer unit to generate formatted text for photo reproduction.

In 1972, Lexitron and Linolex developed a word processing system with a video display screen and cassette tapes for storage, enabling writers to edit their work before printing.

The IBM Selectric Composer was the only fully electromechanical Selectric Typewriter with fully proportional spacing and a Selectric type element. It was capable of right-margin justification and was considered a typesetting machine rather than a typewriter.

Wilfred A. Beeching published the book 'Century of the Typewriter' in 1974, providing insights into the history and significance of typewriters over the years.

In 1976, Olivetti launched the Tes 501, the world's first electronic daisywheel typewriter. This marked a significant advancement in typewriter technology, moving towards electronic mechanisms and improved performance.

In Romania, State Council Decree No. 98 of March 28, 1983, mandated that owning a typewriter required approval from local police authorities. Approval was denied to individuals previously convicted of crimes or considered a threat to public order or state security. Typewriter owners had to annually present their typewriters to the police for inspection.

In 1984, IBM introduced the IBM Wheelwriter, a significant advancement in the typewriter industry. It offered enhanced functionality and features like reprint and spell-check, addressing limitations of previous typewriter models.

Wilfred A. Beeching released the second edition of 'Century of the Typewriter' in 1990, further exploring the evolution and impact of typewriters.

Due to falling sales, IBM sold its typewriter division in 1991 to the newly formed Lexmark, completely exiting from a market it once dominated.

In 1997, the government of Turkey offered to donate western typewriters to the Republic of Azerbaijan in exchange for more zealous and exclusive promotion of the Latin alphabet for the Azerbaijani language; this offer, however, was declined.

This volume covers the history of typewriters from the 1829 Burt Machine to 20th century models, highlighting various brands and models that played a significant role in the evolution of typewriters.

The Boston Typewriter Orchestra (BTO), a comedic musical percussion group, was formed in 2004 and has performed at various art festivals, clubs, and parties.

The ASTM Standard E2494-08 provides a modern guide for the examination of typewritten items, outlining procedures for identifying typewriters used in document production.

South Korean improviser Ryu Hankil released his album Becoming Typewriter in 2009, prominently featuring performances on typewriters.

Word Processing has evolved to be predominantly done on modern computers, although typewriters are still in use for certain tasks.

The 2012 French comedy movie Populaire, starring Romain Duris and Déborah François, revolves around a young secretary in the 1950s aiming to win typewriting speed competitions.

Richard Polt authored 'The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist's Companion for the 21st Century' in 2015, emphasizing the enduring relevance of typewriters in modern times.

The 2016 documentary film California Typewriter delves into the typewriter enthusiast culture, featuring a repair store in Berkeley, California.

Anthony Casillo's book 'Typewriters: Iconic Machines from the Golden Age of Mechanical Writing' was published in 2017, celebrating the significance of typewriters during their prime era.

The Violet Evergarden anime series, released in 2018, is based on the manga and portrays the story of a disabled war veteran turned skilled typist.

The Royal Standard No.5 typewriter was mentioned on June 14, 2021.

LC Smith Corona 8 11 typewriter with accounting keys and factory rebuilt was mentioned on June 26, 2021.

Marcin Wichary's 'Shift Happens' was published in 2023, shedding light on the evolving landscape of typewriters and their continued impact on society.