On July 23rd, Robert A. Ragen, an architect and project leader of the legendary Friden EC-130 solid-state electronic calculator, was born.

Howard Rathbun, the co-inventor of Monroe EPIC 2000 and EPIC 3000 calculators with Mark Pivovonsky, was born on September 24th.

The Logos 27 calculator was the main attraction at the event.

Calther 130 is mentioned without specific context.

Casio introduced the Casio 301 Scientific relay calculator.

SCM introduces the 1016PR Programmable Calculator priced at $2,495 in June.

The small/medium-scale DTL/TTL IC-based printing calculator was released with an MSRP of $1,495.

Friden introduced the 1217 printing electromechanical calculator to limited regional markets.

In 1617, a mathematician from Scotland invented 'Napier's Bones', a calculating device consisting of cylinders inscribed with multiplication tables.

Edmund Gunter develops logarithm which serves as the precursor for the slide rule. Logarithms play a crucial role in the advancement of computing technology.

William Oughtred invents the slide rule based on Napier's Bones. The slide rule becomes a widely used calculation tool for centuries before being replaced by mechanical and electronic calculators.

In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard invented the Calculating Clock, which is considered the first adding machine. This device marked the beginning of mankind's interest in calculating machines.

The 'calculating clock' developed by Wilhelm Schickard was finally presented publicly in 1628 after the setback of the original machine being destroyed in a fire.

The first mechanical calculator was created in 1642 by the French mathematician Blaise Pascal. This device, equipped with gears, could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations. Despite its capabilities, Pascal's calculator faced challenges in the market. Nevertheless, it significantly enhanced the speed and accuracy of calculations.

The 'Pascaline' was invented in 1643, becoming the first true calculator. It was a rectangular adding machine created by Blaise Pascal.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a polymath, was born in Leipzig, Germany. He devised the first practical four-function calculating machine called the Stepped Reckoner.

In 1666, Samuel Morland developed a mechanical calculator capable of adding and subtracting. He later authored the first book dedicated to calculators in 1673, titled 'The Description and Use of Two Arithmetick Instruments.'

Gottfried Leibniz developed the Stepped Reckoner, a mechanical calculator using stepped gear wheels that could perform the four arithmetic functions. However, it worked erratically due to an error in the carry mechanism, and none were sold.

In 1674, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the Stepped Reckoner, a device that could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz passed away at the age of 70.

Philipp Matthäus Hahn created a round calculating machine with a crank in the middle, which was the first functional calculator. This invention marked a significant advancement in the development of calculating devices.

In 1774, Philipp-Matthaus Hahn sold a calculating machine capable of calculating up to 12 digits.

In 1777, Charles, the third Earl of Stanhope, invented the Stanhope Demonstrator, a calculator capable of performing multiplication.

Hahn demonstrated his calculator in 1778, after facing challenges with the machine's tens-carrying mechanism. The device was designed to calculate parameters for clocks and planetariums.

In 1804, Joseph-Marie Jacquard created punched card looms that revolutionized the weaving industry.

In 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invented the Arithmometer, the first commercially produced mechanical calculator. This device marked a significant advancement in the history of calculators.

In 1822, Charles Babbage began the construction of the Difference Engine, a mechanical calculator.

In 1838, Charles Babbage abandoned the Difference Engine and started working on the Analytical Engine, a more advanced computing machine.

Willgodt T. Odhner, the creator of the first mass-marketed European calculating machine, was born in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Charles Xavier Thomas introduced the Arithmometer, a mechanical calculator that was widely successful and became the first commercially successful calculating machine.

In 1853, Victor Schilt showcased a key-driven adding machine at the Crystal Palace Exposition in London.

In 1854, George Boole published 'An Investigation on the Laws of Thought,' laying the groundwork for Boolean Theory and its impact on computer development.

William S. Burroughs I, the founder of American Arithmometer Co. which later became the precursor to Burroughs Corp., was born on January 28, 1857.

Herman Hollerith, the founder of Tabulating Machine Co. which eventually led to the creation of International Business Machines (IBM), was born in 1860.

Frank S. Baldwin, a prolific mechanical calculating machine designer, passed away on April 8th.

The Odhner Arithmometer was invented in Russia by W.T. Odhner, utilizing Odhner's pinwheel mechanism for calculations.

In 1874, W.T. Odhner in Sweden independently developed the pin-wheel calculator, which was the first of the long series of Odhner calculators.

Hisashige Tanaka founded Shibaura Seisakusho in Japan, which specialized in manufacturing telegraph equipment. This company later evolved into the precursor of Toshiba.

In 1878, Raymond Verea constructed the first direct multiplication machine.

Dorr E. Felt invents the Comptometer, the first successful key-driven adding and calculating machine. He later formed the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company with Robert Tarrant to produce thousands of Comptometers.

In 1887, Dorr E. Felt patented the key-driven 'Comptometer', which revolutionized calculating by introducing push-button technology. This invention led to the development of similar machines by other manufacturers.

Dorr E. Felt and Robert Tarrant established a partnership to manufacture Felt's Comptometer calculating machines, forming Felt & Tarrant Mfg. Co. in 1890.

Carl Friden, the founder of what later became Friden Calculating Machine Co., was born in Alvesta, Sweden on April 11, 1891.

The Millionaire calculator was introduced, allowing direct multiplication by any digit with one turn of the crank for each figure in the multiplier.

Curt Herzstark was born in January 1902.

In 1906, Henri Ebstein established the Muldivo Calculating Machine Co., Ltd. in London, which initially operated as a distributor of office machines.

Konrad Zuse publicly demonstrates his V3 calculator, later known as Z3, which was a relay-based floating-point programmable calculator.

On April 25, 1912, Jay R. Monroe and Frank Baldwin established the Monroe Calculator Co., contributing to the development of calculators.

In 1913, at the IEEE Conference in New York, NY, the founder of Hewlett Packard, Bill Hewlett, introduced a calculator.

In 1914, Sumlock Comptometer Ltd. is established as the primary distributor for Bell Punch calculators.

Thomas Osborne demonstrates his 'Green Machine' electronic calculator to Barney Oliver, the leader of HP's secret calculator development project. The demo is successful.

Carl Buehler founded the Victor Adding Machine Co. in Chicago, Illinois, which played a significant role in the development of early calculators.

Hugo Agrell founded AB Addo in Malmo, Sweden, marking an important milestone in the history of calculators and technology in Sweden.

In 1922, Burroughs Corporation acquired Moon-Hopkins Billing Machine Co., expanding its presence in the business machine industry.

William Henry Burkhart, born on March 4, 1923, went on to become a significant inventor in the field of electronic calculating machines, particularly associated with Monroe.

Jack J. Bialik, along with Dale P. Masher and Bill W. Stevens from Stanford Research Institute, was granted a patent for a display subsystem developed for the Friden EC-130 electronic calculator.

Dale P. Masher, along with Jack J. Bialik and Bill W. Stevens from Stanford Research Institute, was granted a patent for a display subsystem developed for the Friden EC-130 electronic calculator.

Olivetti starts the design process of the Programma 101 electronic calculator under the supervision of Pier Giorgio Perotto.

The Texas Instruments Cal-Tech prototype electronic calculator, designed by Jerry Merryman, was sold at auction for $68,825.

On December 24, 1933, Thomas Osborne's 'Green Machine' calculator prototype is fully operational.

In 1935, IBM introduced the 601 Multiplying Punch, which was an electro-mechanical punched-card calculator.

In 1937, Friden Calculating Machine, Co. relocated to San Leandro, California.

Árpád Klatsmányi, born in Budapest, Hungary, would go on to become a key figure in the development of digital computing in Hungary, including designing the Hunor 131, the country's first electronic calculator.

The first all-electronic computer or calculator was developed in 1939.

In 1940, the first known relay-based calculating machine was developed, marking a significant advancement in computing technology.

Harold Koplow, who would later become a senior calculator engineer at Wang Labs, was born in Lynn, MA.

In October 1942, Fuji Star Calculator Mfg. was established, serving as the precursor to Nippon Calculating Machine Co.

Stanley Frankel and Eldred Nelson ordered an assortment of Friden, Monroe, and Marchant rotary electromechanical calculators for their work at the Los Alamos site.

Hewlett Packard Co. was officially incorporated on August 18th, marking a significant milestone in the company's history.

Carl Friden, the founder of Friden Calculating Machine Co., passed away on April 29th. His contributions to the development of calculating machines were significant in the industry.

Jack St. Clair Kilby, the inventor of the early experimental Integrated Circuit, was born on November 8th.

In November 1947, a calculating race took place in Tokyo between a desktop electromechanical calculator and an abacus. Surprisingly, the abacus won the race on November 12th.

The Curta calculator, which first appeared in 1948, was a compact mechanical calculator capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It was considered the ultimate expression of the mechanical calculator and dominated office life throughout the 20th century.

In August 1950, Marchant Calculating Machine Co. underwent re-incorporation and emerged as Marchant Calculators Inc.

In 1951, Diehl Corp. initiated the development of mechanical calculating machines, marking a significant advancement in the field of calculators.

RCA introduced the 2N404 PNP alloy-junction Germanium transistor, which was widely used in early US-made electronic calculator designs.

Fuji Telecommunications Mfg. (later Fujitsu) introduces the FACOM 100, a programmable relay calculator with around 4,500 relays.

Friden Calculating Machine Co. opens a production facility in Wageningen, Holland.

Kashio Seisakujo, later known as Casio Computer Co., Ltd., showcased a prototype relay-based automatic four-function electric calculator in December 1954. This calculator marked a significant improvement in speed and usability compared to earlier solenoid-based electric calculators.

In May 1955, Casio Computer Co., Ltd. introduced the 14-B Relay calculator, which included the feature of automatic Square Root calculation.

The project behind the development of the Bell Punch electronic calculator started.

In February 1957, Casio announced the TUC Compuwriter, a relay-based calculating machine designed for business use, featuring a Toshiba-made output typewriter. This innovation aimed to enhance efficiency in business calculations.

In March 1957, Casio completed the engineering prototype of a fully-featured solenoid-based calculator. The company began preparing it for production, marking a significant advancement in calculator technology.

In January 1958, Bell Punch revealed a prototype of an electronic calculator that utilized cold-cathode tube technology.

In December 1958, Casio made a notable delivery of the first 14-A Relay Calculator to its exclusive distributor, Uchida Yoko Co., Ltd.

Clary introduces the DAC-2500 electronic calculating unit as an OEM product, which was derived from the DE 60 programmable calculator.

In 1960, Friden Calculating Machine Co. collaborates with Stanford Research Institute (SRI) to develop a CRT-based display system for a calculator.

Thomas Osborne left Smith Corona Marchant due to his belief that the electronic calculator SCM was developing.

Texas Instruments completed a prototype 'SOLID CIRCUIT' computer programmed to operate as a simple desk calculator under contract to the Aeronautical Systems Division of the US Air Force in October 1961 to demonstrate the viability of monolithic integrated circuit technology.

On March 12, 1962, Friden Calculating Machine Co. acquired Commercial Controls Corp., the originator of Flexowriter/Justowriter. This acquisition likely had a significant impact on the development of calculating machines.

In January 1963, Richard (Dick) Ahrens started working at Friden in the Calculator Engineering Department, where he contributed to the development of the Friden EC-130.

Sony presents a prototype electronic calculator, possibly the MD-6, at the Japanese Pavilion during the opening of the New York World's Fair, demonstrating advancements in computing technology.

On May 14, 1964, Hayakawa Electric (Sharp) revealed its plan to introduce the Compet CS-10A, Japan's first fully electronic desk calculator, signaling a new era in calculator technology.

Sony Corp. formally introduced the SOBAX ICC-500 hybrid circuit electronic calculator on June 1, 1964.

On November 5th, 1964, Friden introduced the Hitachi-manufactured Friden EC-1114 electronic calculator, showcasing technological advancements in the calculator industry.

In January 1965, Wang Laboratories unveiled the LOCI-2 electronic calculator, marking the company's first programmable calculator. This introduction signified a milestone in calculator technology advancement.

Hitachi completed the prototype of the Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) IC-based desktop electronic calculator using ICs it manufactured.

In July 1965, Hayakawa Electric rejects all MOS LSI chips produced by Autonetics for its QT-8D 'Micro-Compet' calculator due to excessive failure rate, leading to a delay in the introduction of the calculator.

In August 1965, Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) is founded by Ed Roberts and three other partners.

Wang Laboratories introduced the LOCI-1 calculator, which was their first electronic calculator.

Victor Comptometer introduced the groundbreaking Victor 3900, the first MOS 'LSI' IC-Based Electronic Calculator, at the annual BEMA show.

In June 1966, the first operational prototype of Data Acquisition Corporation's DAC-512 programmable desktop calculator was introduced.

International Calculating Machines (ICM) was established as a subsidiary of Electronic Arrays.

In March 1967, Sony announced the ICC-1500 electronic calculator, showcasing their innovation in the field of electronic devices.

In October 1967, Friden introduced the 1217 electromechanical printing calculator to the US market.

In November 1967, Wang announced the availability of the model 320SE 4-user Simultaneous 'Time Shared' calculator system.

Friden introduces the Hitachi-manufactured EC-1115 electronic calculator on February 4th.

Hewlett Packard announced the HP 9100A, a sophisticated desktop electronic calculator, on March 11, 1968.

In March 1968, the early production model of the Hewlett Packard 9100A calculator was first shown to a limited audience at the IEEE Conference in New York.

Hayakawa Electric (Sharp) showcased a prototype 'miniature calculator' using 11 Hitachi-made MOS/LSI Integrated Circuits at the IEEE Expo in New York in March 1969.

In September 1969, Schneider Radio-Tèlèvision Electronique from Ivry-sur-Seine, France, unveiled the EXA 210 electronic calculator at the International Office Equipment and Computer show in Paris.

Computer Design Corp. (CDC) and Nippon Calculating Machine Co. (NCM) reached an agreement for CDC to design and manufacture advanced calculators for NCM.

Barry Wright Corp. closes its Mathatronics division, leading to the discontinuation of Mathatron calculator production and sales.

In 1970, Nippon Calculating Machine Co. (NCM) also known as Busicom signed a formal agreement with Intel for the development of a set of LSI integrated circuits exclusively for NCM to use in various calculator applications.

On December 22, 1970, Wang Laboratories' common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange, reflecting the company's growth and success in the technology industry.

On July 4th, Michael Cochran validates the functionality of the microcontroller-based calculator chip, which later becomes the progenitor of Texas Instrument's TMS1802.

HP-35 calculator was introduced by Hewlett Packard, becoming the world's first handheld scientific calculator. It revolutionized the field of mathematics and engineering by providing a portable and efficient tool for complex calculations.

In February 1973, Hewlett Packard introduced the HP-80, which was a significant financial handheld calculator.

In March 1973, the MITS 7440 calculator was introduced in Radio Electronics magazine, marking a significant milestone in calculator technology.

In May 1973, Hewlett Packard unveiled the HP-45 handheld calculator. This product further solidified the company's reputation for producing innovative calculators.

Microsystems International licenses Nortec Electronics' single chip calculator IC design to manufacture calculators for Rapid Data Systems & Equipment Ltd.

Wang introduces the 400-Series calculators.

Wang Laboratories introduced the 200-Series 'business' calculators, which were based on the 300-Series calculators, in January 1974.

In February 1974, Singer/Friden announced the 1202 and 1203 calculators which utilized Rockwell single chip calculator IC.

As per the August agreement with Monroe division of Litton Industries, Computer Design Corp. (Compucorp) closes its dealer/distributor network and OEM agreements.

In January 1975, Casio's total global sales of calculators exceeded 10 million units, marking a significant milestone for the company.

In January 1976, Victor Comptometer introduced the Victor 4900 Advanced Programmable Calculator, offering advanced programmable features.

In February 1976, Hewlett Packard announced the HP 9825A programmable calculator with HP-IB instrument control capability.

In May 1976, Hewlett Packard introduced the HP-46 calculator model. This release contributed to the company's legacy of producing high-quality calculators.

Singer closes down Friden Division, marking the official end of Friden.

An agreement was reached between Victor Comptometer Corp. and Walter Kidde Co. for Kidde to acquire Victor.

Hewlett Packard introduces the revolutionary HP-01 Wrist Instrument, the first wrist-worn calculator/timekeeper/calendar/stopwatch.

In 1978, the first solar-powered and credit card-sized calculators were introduced, revolutionizing the calculator industry with their innovative design and energy efficiency.

By 1979, Hewlett-Packard had developed the HP-41C alphanumeric programmable calculator, which could be expanded with RAM memory, ROM software modules, and various peripherals. This calculator was a versatile tool for professionals and enthusiasts.

In 1980, calculators equipped with solar cells, such as the Sharp EL-8026 'Sun Man' and the Royal Solar I / Triumph-Adler, were introduced, allowing for charging the internal batteries using solar power.

On April 29, 1984, Friden announces the EC-130 to its sales force during the annual 'Fiesta de los Conquistadores' sales convention in Boca Raton, FL.

The Casio fx-7000G was developed with 422 bytes of memory, 82 scientific functions, and a display that could toggle between 8 lines of 16 characters each or a 64x96 dot matrix graphical display.

Curt Herzstark, the inventor of the Curta calculator, passes away.

In 1990, Hewlett Packard addressed the design flaw of lack of a computer interface for data upload/download by introducing the HP-48 series of calculators. This series allowed users to easily transfer data between the calculator and a computer.

In 1993, IBM Simon introduced the Personal Communicator, a cell phone with PDA functions including email, calendar, and a calculator. This marked the beginning of calculators being integrated into cell phones, making them more widely accessible to the general public.

Barney Oliver, the project manager of the HP 9100 calculator, passed away on November 23, 1995.

Federico Faggin donated the original prototype for the Busicom 141-PF calculator to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. This calculator was the first to use a single-chip microprocessor, marking a milestone in the history of computing.

The Old Calculator Museum is launched on the World Wide Web as a Geocities site, showcasing a collection of vintage calculators and related artifacts.

David Moros, the Wang 700 hardware architect and co-inventor of Wang Labs' first Word Processor, dies from cancer at the age of 64.

Microsoft introduced the Power Calculator as part of 'Power Toys' for Windows XP in 2001. It offered users the ability to perform various calculations, conversions, and graph functions for free.

In 2003, the first graphing calculator with touch functionality was introduced, allowing users to interact with the device using touch input.

Harold Koplow, known for winning a contest with Dr. An Wang to write efficient microcode, developing microcode for Wang 700-Series calculators, and later contributing to Wang's word processing and small office computing systems, passes away at the age of 64.

Microsoft unveiled Windows 7 in 2009, featuring an updated version of the Windows calculator that simplified basic calculations for users worldwide.

Jack J. Bialik, one of the inventors of the display subsystem for the Friden EC-130 electronic calculator, passed away.

Apple introduced ios5 in 2011, which included modern calculators for smartphone users, enhancing the functionality of calculations on mobile devices.

Mark Pivovonski, co-inventor of the Monroe EPIC 2000/EPIC 3000 calculators, passes away at the age of 88.

Dale P. Masher, one of the inventors of the display subsystem for the Friden EC-130 electronic calculator, passed away.

Howard Rathbun, the co-inventor of the Monroe EPIC 2000/EPIC 3000 calculators, passed away at the age of 82.

In May 2017, Sanyo announced the ICC-0082D 'mini-calculator' featuring a rechargeable Sanyo-developed Nickel-Cadmium battery pack and Nixie tube display. It utilized a four-chip MOS/LSI chipset developed by General Instrument in the US.

Tadashi Sasaki, a prominent figure in Japanese electronic calculator technology and a key contributor to the development of the Intel 4004 microprocessor, dies at the age of 102.

Emil Dudek, a fellow calculator preservationist, passes away unexpectedly at the age of 57.

Michael J. Cochran, a remarkable calculator engineer who worked at HP, Cintra, Tektronix, and Texas Instruments, passes away.

Jerry Merryman, one of the designers of the Texas Instruments Cal-Tech prototype electronic calculator, passed away.

On May 31, 2021, Sony announced the discontinuation of electronic calculator production. This decision marked the end of an era for Sony's calculator manufacturing.

Sir Clive Sinclair, the founder of Sinclair Radionics known for producing innovative calculators and low-cost microcomputers, passes away at the age of 81.

In everyday life, people often use calculators to quickly and accurately perform mathematical calculations, such as determining the total cost of online purchases including tax and shipping.

The abacus was invented in the year 2735. It is an ancient calculating tool used for mathematical calculations.

The principles of the Wang LOCI calculator, a significant advancement in calculator technology, were developed.

The slide rule was invented in the year 8207. It is a mechanical analog computer used for multiplication and division.