Various significant events took place in the 9th century, shaping the history of Venice during this period.

According to legend, the city of Venice is founded by three consuls from Padua at the stroke of noon. A trading-post is established on the islands of the Rialto and a church dedicated to St. James is built.

Refugees from Aquileia and nearby cities escape to lagoon marsh islands for mutual protection, forming a settlement which marks the real birth of Venice.

Representatives of the island communities in Venice meet in Grado to establish a rudimentary system of self-government through 12 tribunes elected annually.

The Western Roman Empire falls after the deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer, a military leader of east German descent.

Theodoric the Great, an Arian Christian educated in Constantinople, overthrows Odoacer in Italy.

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I launches the Gothic War (535–554) for the re-conquest of Italy.

In 568, the Lombards, a Germanic tribe, invaded the region of Venetia, leading to the establishment of the Duchy of Venetia. The lagoon communities of Venice came together for mutual defense against the Lombards.

In 569, fugitives seeking refuge from the Lombard invasion of northern Italy settled on islands in the Venetian lagoon, laying the foundation for the city of Venice.

After the Lombard hordes drove mainlanders onto the islands of the Venetian lagoon, isolated communities became part of the exarchate of Ravenna in 584.

By the 7th century, Venice was actively involved in the production and trading of salt, acquiring salt production from various regions. The salt trade routes allowed Venetian merchants to engage in commerce with the Eastern Mediterranean.

The Republic of Venice was established in 697 by people fleeing from Germanic invasions after the decline of the Roman Empire. They settled on small islands in the lagoon, which were difficult to reach and defend.

In 726, Paul, the Exarch of Ravenna, was assassinated along with the provincial governor Marcello. This event led to the election of Orso from Eraclea as the chief of the 12 tribunes and the first sovereign Doge of Venice.

Orso was the first elected doge of Venice, chosen in an anti-Byzantine military declaration in 727.

In 737, Doge Orso Ipato was assassinated, marking the beginning of a five-year Interregnum in Venice. This period was characterized by a lack of a sovereign Doge.

After the magistri militum sequence, Venice reintroduces the elective doge. The city is divided into factions supporting Byzantium, the Franks, the Lombards, and independence.

In 751, Ravenna fell to the Lombards under King Aistulf, leading to the end of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The Exarch himself was killed during this event.

Doge Teodato Ipato is overthrown and blinded by his successor, Doge Galla Gaulo.

Doge Galla Gaulo is removed from power and blinded by the new Doge Domenico Monegario.

Maurizio Galbaio's reign from 764 to 787 marked a period of prominence for Venice regionally and internationally. His efforts led to the expansion of Venetia to the Rialto islands and clashes with Charlemagne over the slave trade.

In 778, Doge Maurizio Galbaio decides to associate his son Giovanni with him in the Dogeship, allowing him to succeed his father without the approval of his subjects.

Pax Nicephori refers to a peace treaty of 803 between Charlemagne and Nikephoros I, recognizing Charlemagne's authority in the West and negotiating boundaries in the Adriatic Sea.

In 804, Venice's dynastic ambitions were disrupted by the pro-Frankish faction seizing power under Obelerio degli Antoneri. This led to Venice's entanglement with the Carolingian Empire.

On Christmas Day in 805, Doge Obelerio degli Antenori and his brother Beato paid homage to Charlemagne in Aachen.

Obelerio is loyal to Charlemagne of the Franks, but Byzantine sovereignty over the lagoon, Istria, and Dalmatia is reaffirmed by the Niceta fleet.

After the successful defense of Venice during the Siege of Malamocco, Agnello Participazio is chosen to replace the deposed Doge Obelerio, becoming the eighth Venetian to hold the title of Doge.

Agnello Participazio establishes the first Doge's Palace within Venice, located on Campiello del Cason, which will later be rebuilt in stone next to the chapel of Saint Theodore, now the Basilica of Saint Mark.

A Franco-Byzantine treaty in 814 guaranteed Venice political and juridical independence from the Western Empire, solidifying its independence.

Around 820, the Venetians relocated their administration from the island of Torcello to the Rialto area.

Giustiniano Participazio is elected as Doge of Venice, succeeding Agnello Participazio.

In 828, the Venetians obtained bones believed to be of St Mark from Alexandria and built St Mark's Basilica to enshrine the relic.

In 829, the relics of Saint Mark the Evangelist were smuggled to Venice, leading to the establishment of St Mark's Basilica. The relics became the city's patron saint, symbolizing Venice's religious and cultural significance.

In 832, former Doge Obelerio degli Antenori returned from exile in Constantinople to reclaim the Dogeship but was killed by the legitimate Doge, Giovanni Participazio.

In 837, Pietro Gradonico was assassinated, and his successor arrested and executed the assassins.

In 839, the Venetian Navy conducted military operations against Croats, led by Mislav of Croatia, resulting in a peace treaty signed with Doge Pietro Tradonico.

In 840, Venice's military assault on the Narentines failed, and the Pactum Lotharii showcased Venice's independence from the Byzantine Empire by signing its own treaties.

The Pactum Lotharii in 840 marked Venice's shift from selling Christian slaves to selling Slavs and other Eastern European non-Christian slaves. This agreement with the Carolingian Empire influenced Venice's slave trade practices.

In 841, the Republic of Venice dispatched a fleet of 60 galleys to aid the Byzantine Empire in repelling the Arab forces from Crotone. However, the mission was unsuccessful.

In 846, the Narentines, a pirate tribe, attacked Venice and raided the nearby lagoon city of Caorle, breaching the defenses of the Republic of Venice.

Orso I Participazio was elected as the Doge of Venice in 864, assuming the leadership role in the Republic of Venice.

Venice achieved victory over the Islamic empire at Taranto in 867.

Giovanni II Participazio resigned from the position of Doge in 881 due to deteriorating health conditions, leading to a change in leadership in the Republic of Venice.

On September 18, 887, Pietro Candiano I was captured and killed by the Admiral of the Maranium Navy while attempting to secure the Dalmatian Coast for Venice.

Pietro Tribuno was elected as the Doge of Venice in 888, taking on the leadership role in the Republic of Venice.

In 900, the Magyars invaded Italy as part of their initial invasion of Europe. The Battle of the Brenta on 24 September 899 resulted in the Venetians blocking the Magyar invasion.

Orso II Participazio assumed the position of Doge in Venice after being elected to the office in 912, playing a significant role in the governance of the Republic of Venice.

Pietro II Candiano was elected as the Doge of Venice in 932, becoming a key figure in the leadership of the Republic of Venice.

In 939, Pietro Participazio was elected as the Doge of Venice, taking on a crucial role in the governance and administration of the Republic of Venice.

Pietro III Candiano assumed the position of Doge in Venice after being elected to the office in 942, contributing to the leadership and decision-making processes in the Republic of Venice.

Istrian pirates kidnapped some intended brides on 31 January, but they were soon freed at Caorle, leading to the emergence of the Feast of Marie.

As Byzantium weakened, Venice viewed Ragusa as a rival and tried to bring it under its control. However, the conquest of the city was unsuccessful.

During a fire, Pietro IV Candiano and his son were trapped in their palace, leading to a dramatic event in Venice's history.

Emperor Otto I of the Holy Roman Empire confirmed all of Venice's privileges in 967.

In 972, the autocratic Candiano dynasty was overthrown by a revolt, leading to the election of doge Pietro I Orseolo.

The people revolted against Pietro Candiano IV, resulting in his death, and the burning of the Doge’s Palace and St Mark's Basilica in 976.

Vitale Candiano was elected as Doge of Venice, marking a notable political event in the city's governance.

Tribuno Memmo's election as Doge of Venice signaled a change in leadership within the city-state.

Holy Roman Emperor Otto II declared peace with Venice in 983 and confirmed its commercial privileges.

Pietro II Orseolo donated his wealth to charity and the Church before retiring to a monastery, reflecting a significant spiritual and philanthropic act.

By 992, Venice had evolved into a prominent trading center, engaging in commerce with the Islamic world and the Byzantine Empire. The city's strategic location facilitated its growth as a hub for trade routes.

Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo ceased paying tribute to the Narentine Pirates after enduring multiple attacks, showcasing a shift in Venetian foreign policy.

In 1000, Pietro Orseolo led an expedition against Slavonic pirates, becoming the Doge of Venice, Istria, and Dalmatia, initiating the 'Sea Dominion' of the republic and the traditional 'wedding of the sea' during Ascension Day.

In 1002, Venice achieved victory over the Islamic empire at Bari.

Otto Orseolo was arrested, had his beard shaved, and was banished to Constantinople for nepotism. He was the father of King Peter Urseolo of Hungary.

Pietro's son Ottone led an expedition in 1017 that enhanced Venice's dominance over the Adriatic Sea, solidifying its position as a key player in balancing power between the Byzantine and Holy Roman Empires.

Pietro Barbolano abdicated from his position under heavy pressure to reinstate Otto Orseolo.

Domenico Flabanico is elected as the Doge of Venice.

Domenico Contarini is elected as the Doge of Venice.

Domenico Selvo is elected as the Doge of Venice.

Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos grants major trading concessions to Venetian naval assistance within his Empire in a chrysobull.

Domenico Selvo personally leads a fleet against the Normans, but is defeated and loses 9 great galleys. He is deposed by popular revolt and sent to a monastery where he dies three years later.

In 1085, Alexius I Comnenus declared the formal independence of Venice from the Byzantine Empire.

St Mark's Basilica is consecrated in the presence of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.

In 1100, Venice joined the First Crusade and received a complete exemption on duty from Godfrey de Bouillon, the king of Jerusalem.

In 1102, Ordelafo Faliero is elected as the Doge of Venice, succeeding Vitale I Michiel.

The construction of the permanent Arsenale in Venice is believed to have started in 1104, becoming a crucial naval shipyard for the Venetian Republic.

In 1105, a great fire ravages Venice, causing significant damage to the city's buildings and infrastructure.

In 1110, Ordelafo Faliero commanded a Venetian fleet of 100 ships to aid Baldwin I of Jerusalem in capturing the city of Sidon, showcasing Venice's involvement in the Crusades and maritime power.

On July 15, 1116, Doge Ordelafo Faliero achieves victory over the troops of Stephen II of Hungary near Zara, leading to the surrender of the remaining towns of Dalmatia to Venice.

In 1117, Stephen II of Hungary regains control of Dalmatia while the Venetians are on a naval expedition. Doge Ordelafo Faliero dies in battle near Zara, and Domenico Michele is elected as the new Doge.

In 1118, Venice engaged in a conflict with the Hungarians resulting in the death of Ordelaf Falier at the Battle of Zara.

In 1122, the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos refuses to renew trading rights granted by Alexios I in 1082. The Venetian fleet retaliates by raiding the Greek coasts until the rights are re-confirmed in 1125.

In 1130, Pietro Polani was elected as the Doge of Venice, the highest office in the Republic of Venice.

The Commune Veneciarum was established in 1143, marking an important development in the governance of Venice.

Domenico Morosini assumed the position of Doge in 1148, playing a significant role in the leadership of Venice.

Vital II Michele was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1156, shaping the political landscape of the Republic.

In 1167, the Lombard League was established in response to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I's attempts to increase his power over Italy. The league aimed to counter the imperial threat and received support from the Papacy to resist interference in their domain. It eventually incorporated most cities in northern Italy, including Venice.

In 1171, Emperor Manuel I Comnenus arrested all Venetian residents in Constantinople and the provinces, leading to strained relations between Venice and the Byzantine Empire.

The Maggior Consiglio, also known as the Great Council of Venice, was established in 1172, becoming a key institution in the Venetian government.

In 1177, Venice played a key role in mediating peace between Pope Alexander III and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

Orio Mastropiero assumed the position of Doge in 1178, playing a role in the governance of Venice during his tenure.

In 1179, the Quarantia supreme tribunal was founded in Venice.

In 1183, the Dalmatian city of Zara (Zadar) rebelled against Venetian rule, causing tensions in the region.

Enrico Dandolo was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1192, becoming the first Doge to make the promissione ducale, a significant oath of office.

In 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, the Venetians and French crusaders captured and sacked Constantinople after being diverted from their original mission, leading to the destruction of Byzantine hegemony and Venice gaining strategic territories in the Aegean Sea.

In 1205, Pietro Ziani was elected as the Doge of Venice, assuming leadership in the Republic. His election marked a significant political event in Venetian history.

In 1211, the island of Candia (Crete) was annexed to Venice, expanding the territorial holdings of the Republic. This annexation strengthened Venice's maritime and trade power in the region.

In 1229, Jacopo Tiepolo was elected as the Doge of Venice, assuming a prominent role in the governance of the Republic. His election marked a significant political transition in Venetian leadership.

The Republic of Venice signed a significant trade treaty with the Mongol Empire in 1241, establishing economic relations and potentially opening up new trade routes for Venice.

In 1249, Marino Morosini was elected as the Doge of Venice, taking on the leadership of the Republic during a crucial period. His election had implications for Venetian politics and governance.

In 1252, Reniero Zeno was elected as the Doge of Venice, assuming a key role in the leadership of the Republic. His election marked a significant event in Venetian political history.

The first war against Genoa, known as the 'War of Saint Sabas', began in 1256 and lasted until 1270.

In 1263, Venice achieved a significant victory against the Genoese and Byzantines at the Battle of Settepozzi.

The Genoese captured a Venetian trade convoy in 1264 during the Battle of Saseno.

Venice achieved a significant victory against the Genoese in 1266 at the Battle of Trapani.

In 1268, Lorenzo Tiepolo was elected as the Doge of Venice.

Jacopo Contarini became the Doge of Venice in 1275.

In 1277, Venice signed a two-year peace treaty with Byzantium, granting trading quarters in Constantinople and Thessalonica.

Giovanni Dandolo was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1280.

In 1289, Pietro Gradenigo was elected as the Doge of Venice, one of the most prestigious positions in the Venetian government.

The fall of Saint-Jean d’Acre to the Mamelukes marked the end of Outremer.

Hostilities between Venice and Genoa were renewed in 1294, leading to a period of conflict that lasted until 1299.

In 1295, Pietro Gradenigo dispatched a fleet of 68 ships to launch an attack on a Genoese fleet at Alexandretta, showcasing Venice's naval power.

On 28 February 1297, admission to the Maggior Consiglio, also known as the Great Council of Venice, was restricted for the first time, marking a significant change in the Venetian political landscape.

In 1299, Pietro Gradenigo ordered a fleet of 100 ships to launch an assault on the Genoese forces, continuing the ongoing conflict between Venice and Genoa.

In 1304, Venice engaged in the Salt War with Padua, a conflict centered around control of salt production and trade in the region.

On 14 June 1310, a plot orchestrated by Baiamonte Tiepolo and Marco Querini was suppressed, leading to the establishment of the Consiglio dei Dieci, also known as the Council of Ten, to prosecute the conspirators.

In 1311, Marino Zorzi assumed the position of Doge in Venice, taking on a key role in the governance of the Republic.

1312 saw the election of Giovanni Soranzo as Doge of Venice, a significant event in the political history of the Republic.

In 1314, Venice expanded its territory by annexing Muggia in Istria. This strategic move strengthened Venice's control over the region and increased its influence in the area.

In 1322, Venice successfully annexed Sebenico (Šibenik) and Traù (Trogir), further expanding its territorial holdings. This expansion allowed Venice to enhance its trade routes and consolidate its power in the region.

Francesco Dandolo's election as Doge in 1328 marked a notable moment in the leadership of Venice, shaping the city-state's policies and direction.

In 1337, Venice acquired Serrvalle, adding to its territorial holdings and expanding its influence in the region.

In 1339, Bartolomeo Gradenigo was elected as the Doge of Venice, the highest office in the Republic of Venice.

Andrea Dandolo became the Doge of Venice in 1342, taking on the leadership role in the Republic.

In 1345, Venice fought a war against Hungary to secure the rebel city of Zara. This conflict highlighted Venice's strategic interests in the region and its determination to maintain control over key coastal cities.

The Black Plague started spreading in Venice in 1348, leading to a devastating loss of half the population.

Marino Faliero became Doge in 1354 but was convicted of treason after a failed coup, leading to his execution and condemnation.

In 1355, Giovanni Gradenigo assumed the position of Doge in Venice, taking on the leadership role.

Giovanni Dolfin was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1356, playing a significant role in the Republic.

Venice suffered a severe defeat at Nervesa in 1358, being forced to withdraw from Dalmatia and give it again to the Kingdom of Hungary. Venetians resigned themselves to the unfavorable conditions stipulated in the Treaty of Zara, which was signed on February 18, 1358.

Lorenzo Celsi assumed the position of Doge in 1361, contributing to the governance of Venice.

In 1363, a colonial revolt erupted in Crete, requiring substantial military intervention and five years to quell.

Marco Cornaro was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1365, taking on a key leadership role in the Republic.

Andrea Contarini assumed the position of Doge in 1367, playing a crucial role in the governance of Venice.

The War of Trieste started in 1368 with the aim of securing Adriatic trade routes.

The War of Trieste concluded in 1370 after achieving its objectives of securing Adriatic trade routes.

The fourth and final Venetian-Genoese War, known as the War of Chioggia, began in 1378 and lasted until 1381.

During the last great war against Genoa, the Battle of Chioggia takes place near Venice. The city is initially conquered by Genoans but later recaptured by Carlo Zen, leading to Venice's ultimate victory.

In 1380, the Venetians achieved a significant victory by destroying the Genoese fleet during the Battle of Chioggia.

The War of Chioggia concluded in 1381 with the signing of the Peace of Turin on August 8th.

In 1382, Michele Morosini was elected as the Doge of Venice.

In 1388, Treviso came under permanent Venetian control.

On December 19, 1389, the Episcopal County of Ceneda, including Conegliano, peacefully submitted to Venetian overlordship.

The duchy of Milan is established along the western border of the Republic of Venice, originating from territory that is part of the Holy Roman Empire. This new duchy will play a significant role in the complex political landscape of Italy.

In 1400, Michele Steno assumed the position of Doge in Venice.

By 1404, Venice expanded its dominion to include Vicenza, Belluno, and Feltre.

In 1405, Venice successfully acquired territories such as Vicenza, Verona, Padua, and Este.

The situation in Dalmatia was settled in 1408 by a truce with Sigismund of Hungary. Venice immediately invaded the Patriarchate of Aquileia and subjugated Traù, Spalato, Durazzo, and other Dalmatian cities.

In 1409, Ladislaus of Naples sells his 'rights' on Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice for 100,000 ducats. This marks the beginning of Venetian rule over Dalmatia, which lasts for almost four centuries.

By 1410, Venice boasts a navy of 3,300 ships manned by 36,000 men and has successfully taken control of most of Venetia, including key cities like Verona and Padua.

In 1413, Tommaso Mocenigo is elected as the Doge of Venice, taking on a prominent leadership role in the Republic.

In 1420, Venice achieves significant territorial gains by conquering the Patriarchate of Aquileia and acquiring cities like Traù, Spalato, Durazzo, solidifying its control in the region.

In August 1423, the Treaty of Sveti Srdj brings an end to the Second Scutari War between Venice and the Serbian Despotate, establishing peace and resolving conflicts.

In 1425, a new war broke out against Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan. The victory at the Battle of Maclodio resulted in territorial expansion for Venice.

In 1426, Venice signs the Treaty of Vučitrn, marking the end of the Second Scutari War, and also gains control of Brescia as a Venetian possession.

In 1428, Venice expands its territories by acquiring Bergamo, further strengthening its influence and control in the region.

In 1446, the Republic of Venice engages in a conflict against a league formed by Milan, Florence, Bologna, and Cremona.

On May 29, 1453, Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks. Despite this, Venice is able to maintain a colony in the city and retain some of the trade privileges it had during the Byzantine era.

In 1454, the Ottoman Turks grant the Venetians access to their ports and trading rights.

In 1457, Pasquale Malipiero becomes Doge of Venice after Francesco Foscari is compelled to abdicate by the Council of Ten.

In 1462, Cristoforo Moro is elected as Doge of Venice.

The First Ottoman–Venetian War begins in 1463, marking a period of conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.

In 1470, Venice lost Negroponte, its main stronghold in the Aegean Sea, to the Ottomans after a massive counteroffensive.

In 1471, Nicolo Tron assumes the position of Doge in Venice.

Nicolo Marcello is elected as Doge of Venice in 1473.

Pietro Mocenigo becomes Doge of Venice in 1474.

In 1476, Andrea Vendramin is elected as Doge of Venice.

Giovanni Mocenigo assumes the position of Doge in Venice in 1478.

The Treaty of Constantinople was signed on January 24, 1479, marking the end of hostilities between Venice and the Ottoman Turks. Venice had to cede several territories and pay an annual tribute as part of the agreement.

In 1481, Venice successfully recaptured Rovigo, a territory it had previously held from 1395 to 1438.

In 1482, Venice allied with Pope Sixtus IV in an attempt to conquer Ferrara, leading to conflicts with other Italian powers.

On August 7, 1484, a peace treaty was signed near Brescia, ending conflicts and granting Venice territories like Polesine and Rovigo.

In 1485, the French ambassador Philippe de Commines described Venice as the most splendid city he had ever seen, praising its wise self-governance.

Agostino Barbarigo became Doge of Venice in 1486, taking on the leadership role in the Venetian Republic.

In 1489, Catherine Cornaro, the widow of the last king of Cyprus, James II, willingly gives up control of Cyprus to the Republic of Venice.

In 1495, Venice gained control of ports on the coast of Apulia, including Trani, Mola di Bari, Monopoli, Brindisi, Otranto, and Gallipoli, in exchange for supporting the Kingdom of Naples against France.

In 1498, Vasco da Gama's expedition to India disrupted Venice's monopoly over the Eastern trade routes, impacting the Republic's economic interests.

In 1499, Venice formed an alliance with France against Milan, gaining Cremona, but also faced the outbreak of the Second Ottoman–Venetian War, resulting in a defeat by the Ottoman navy in the Battle of Zonchio.

In 1501, Leonardo Loredan was elected as the Doge of Venice, a significant political position in the Republic's governance.

All neighboring powers unite under the leadership of Pope Julius II to take some of Venice's lands, leading to the formation of the League of Cambrai.

On 14 May 1509, Venice suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Agnadello against the French and Imperial troops. This event marked a critical point in Venetian history.

In 1510, artists Giorgione and Titian introduced the richness of color that characterized the high Renaissance style in Venice. This artistic development marked a significant shift in the visual representation of the era.

A significant fire occurs in the Rialto area of Venice on January 10, 1514.

Venice forms an alliance with France and defeats the imperial and Swiss soldiers in the Battle of Marignano.

Venice successfully regains all its Dry Land possessions through exceptional diplomacy.

Antonio Grimani is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1521.

Andrea Gritti becomes the Doge of Venice through election in 1523.

In 1530, the Venetian domination in Apulian ports such as Mola di Bari, Monopoli, Trani, Brindisi, Otranto, and Gallipoli in Apulia came to an end.

The Third Ottoman–Venetian War began in 1537 and lasted until 1540. During this conflict, the Ottomans unsuccessfully besieged Corfu.

In 1538, Andrea Doria, leading the allied fleets, was defeated at the Battle of Preveza by the Ottomans. This marked a shift in maritime supremacy to the Ottoman Empire.

Gasparo Contarini's book in 1544 highlighted Venice's unique government system and its resilience against external threats. It emphasized the co-existence of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy in Venetian governance.

Due to difficulties in hiring sufficient crews, Venice resorted to conscription, chaining the oarsmen to the benches of the galleys. This practice was adopted after oarsmen were initially free sailors enrolled on a wage.

In 1553, Marcantonio Trivisan was elected as the Doge of Venice.

Francesco Venier assumed the position of Doge in Venice after being elected in 1554.

Lorenzo Priuli became the Doge of Venice in 1556 following his election.

Girolamo Priuli was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1559.

By 1563, the population of Venice had decreased to approximately 168,000 people.

Pietro Loredan assumed the role of Doge in Venice after being elected in 1567.

On 13th or 14th September 1569, a significant fire broke out in the Arsenale of Venice.

The Holy League, consisting of Venice, Spain, and the Pope, faced the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Lepanto on October 7, 1570. The Christian fleet, led by John of Austria, emerged victorious in this significant naval engagement.

On August 1, 1571, Famagusta was surrendered to the Ottomans, and the Venetian defender Marco Antonio Bragadin was brutally flayed alive as a consequence.

The Christian fleet achieved victory over the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto on October 7, 1571. However, the allies failed to fully capitalize on this success.

In 1573, the loss of Cyprus was officially ratified in the peace agreement, marking a significant territorial setback for Venice.

In 1577, Sebastiano Venier was elected as the Doge of Venice, assuming a key leadership role in the Republic.

In 1578, Nicolò da Ponte was elected as the Doge of Venice, continuing the line of leadership in the Republic.

In 1585, Pasqual Cicogna was elected as the Doge of Venice, taking on a significant role in the governance of the Republic.

On June 9, 1588, the construction of the iconic Rialto Bridge in Venice began with the laying of its foundation stone, marking a major architectural milestone.

In 1591, the iconic Rialto Bridge in Venice was completed, becoming one of the most famous landmarks in the city.

Marino Grimani was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1595, serving as the head of the Venetian Republic.

In 1605, a conflict between Venice and the Holy See began with the arrest of clergy members and a law restricting the Church's rights.

In 1606, Venice faced a papal injunction by Pope Paul V for trying priests in civil courts. Venice successfully defended its secular power by forcing the Pope to back down, showcasing its autonomy.

In 1609, Galileo Galilei presented a telescope to Venice, showcasing his groundbreaking astronomical discoveries.

Marcantonio Memmo was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1612, leading the Venetian Republic during his tenure.

In 1615, Giovanni Bembo became the Doge of Venice, coinciding with the War of Gradisca against Uskok pirates that lasted until 1617.

In 1617, the Spanish viceroy of Naples attempted to break Venetian dominance by sending a naval squadron to the Adriatic, but ultimately failed.

In 1618, Nicolò Donato and Antonio Priuli were elected as Doges of Venice, sharing the leadership of the Venetian Republic.

In 1622, Antonio Foscarini, a senator and ambassador to England, was accused of acting for foreign powers during his time as ambassador and of spying for Spain after his return. He was hanged in 1622 but later found to be innocent, leading to his rehabilitation.

Francesco Contarini was elected as the Doge of Venice in 1623, playing a significant role in the governance of the Venetian Republic.

Giovanni I Cornaro became the Doge of Venice in 1624, contributing to the political landscape of the Venetian Republic.

In 1628, Venice became involved in Italian politics after the death of Ferdinando I Gonzaga, duke of Mantua and Montferrat. This involvement changed the balance of power in northern Italy and led to Venice being allied with France against the Habsburgs and Savoy.

In 1630, Venice faced a devastating plague outbreak where 50,000 people died in just 16 months, amounting to one third of the population. The church of Santa Maria della Salute was built as a thanksgiving gesture for the end of the plague.

In 1631, a deadly plague broke out in Venice, resulting in approximately 50,000 deaths, which was nearly a third of the city's population.

In 1638, Venice built the church of Santa Maria della Salute as a votive offering for the city's deliverance from the plague that had ravaged the population.

In August 1645, the Turks attacked the Cretan stronghold of Khania, leading to its capitulation. Venice faced challenges on the mainland as well, with the Turks besieging Sebenico in 1647.

In 1646, Francesco Molin became the Doge of Venice, taking on a crucial leadership role in the Republic of Venice.

In August-September 1647, the Ottomans laid siege to Sebenico (now Šibenik, Croatia) but were unsuccessful in capturing the city.

Venetian commander Leonardo Foscolo seizes forts in Dalmatia, retakes Novigrad, temporarily captures the Knin Fortress, and compels the garrison of Klis Fortress to surrender during the Cretan War.

Carlo Contarini is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1655.

Francesco Cornaro is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1656.

Giovanni Pesaro is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1658.

Domenico II Contarini is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1659.

An expedition to retake Chania during the Cretan War fails.

In 1669, after a prolonged conflict, Captain Francesco Morosini negotiated the surrender of Candia to the Ottomans. Venice ceded the island of Crete but retained some territories in the region.

Nicolò Sagredo is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1674.

Alvise Contarini is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1676.

Marcantonio Giustinian is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1683.

In 1684, Venice takes advantage of the recent Turkish defeat in the siege of Vienna and forms an alliance with Austria against the Ottoman Turks, marking the beginning of the Morean War as part of the Great Turkish War.

Between June 1685 and August of the same year, Francesco Morosini successfully secured the Peloponnese for Venice by capturing Greek ports such as Patras, Lepanto, and Corinth during the Morean War.

In September 1687, a Venetian cannon accidentally blew up the Parthenon during an attack on Athens as part of the Venetian campaign in the region. This event caused significant damage to the iconic ancient Greek structure.

In 1699, the Great Turkish War ends with the Treaty of Karlowitz, leading to Venice making extensive territorial gains in southern Greece.

In 1700, Alvise II Mocenigo is elected as the Doge of Venice.

In December 1714, the Ottoman Turks declared war on Venice, marking the seventh and last conflict between the two powers.

In 1715, a huge Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha overruns the Morea, a significant event during the conflict between Venice and the Ottoman Empire.

In 1716, Venice successfully defends against the Ottoman siege of Corfu with Austrian intervention, although they are unable to retake their lost possessions.

Antonio Vivaldi's oratorio Juditha Triumphans was commissioned by the Republic of Venice to celebrate allegorically the defense of Corfu.

Austria gains significant territories, while Venice loses the Morea region. Venice gains small territories in Albania and Dalmatia, advancing up to the modern-day Bosnian/Croatian border.

Sebastiano Mocenigo is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1722.

Carlo Ruzzini becomes the Doge of Venice after being elected in 1732.

Alvise Pisani is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1735.

Pietro Grimani becomes the Doge of Venice after being elected in 1741.

Construction work commences at the Lido for the murazzi breakwater to protect the Venetian lagoon from sea storms.

Francesco Loredan is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1752.

Marco Foscarini becomes the Doge of Venice after being elected in 1762.

Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo is elected as the Doge of Venice in 1763.

In December 1779, Carlo Contarini called for reforms in the Venetian government to address the imbalance of power between the rich patricians and the larger number of poor citizens. This led to tensions and fears of a conspiracy within the ruling elite.

In 1782, Pope Pius VI visited Venice accompanied by several princes of Russia.

In 1784-86, the Venetian navy took military action against Tunisian pirates who were demanding compensation for losses in Malta. The fleet under Angelo Emo blockaded Tunis and bombarded several cities, but the political results did not match the military successes.

Angelo Emo initiated an expedition to northern Africa in 1785 to combat the Barbary pirates, which concluded in 1786.

In January 1789, Ludovico Manin, from a newly ennobled family, was elected as the Doge of Venice. The expenses of the election had escalated, and it was a sign of the declining Republic.

By 1796, the Republic of Venice was no longer able to defend itself against external threats. Napoleon's army crossed into Venice, leading to the occupation of Venetian territories and the eventual fall of the Republic.

On April 9, 1797, Napoleon issued a war threat against Venice.

On May 1, 1797, Domenico Pizzamano fired on a French ship from the Lido forts, prompting Napoleon to declare war.

On May 12, 1797, the Maggior Consiglio, the Great Council of Venice, sits for the last time and approves a motion to hand over power to the proposed provisional representative government, despite lacking a quorum of votes. The decision sees 512 votes in favor, ten against, and five abstentions.

On May 16, 1797, the provisional municipal government of Venice convenes in the Hall of the Maggior Consiglio. The Treaty of Campoformio makes the terms of the Peace of Leoben even harsher, leading to Venice and all its possessions becoming part of Austrian territory.

October 18, 1797, marks the signing of the accord at Passariano, compelling Ludovico Manin to abdicate and thereby bringing an end to the Republic of Venice after a history spanning over a thousand years.

The western section of the former Republic of Venice is added to Napoleon Bonaparte's kingdom of Italy.

After the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 following a referendum held as a result of the war.

After devastating floods in 1966, an international effort coordinated by UNESCO was launched to preserve historic Venice. Many structures were renovated and preserved to protect the city's heritage.

In 2003, work began on a multi-billion dollar anti-flood project in Venice to protect the city from further sinkage. The project aimed to address the issue of Venice sinking deeper into the lagoon.

A 1.6 km long mobile defence barrier is scheduled for completion by 2018 in Venice. The barrier is designed to shut off high tides and protect the city from flooding.