In 1586, Mughal Emperor Akbar attempted to conquer Kashmir but was stopped by the last native Kashmiri Muslim ruler, Yusuf Shah Chak. Chak was taken prisoner by Akbar, leading to Kashmir becoming a part of the Mughal Empire.

After the Anglo-Sikh wars, the British East India Company rewards Dogra chieftain Gulab with control over Kashmir in exchange for serving as a buffer state against Tsarist Russia. Dogra rule in Kashmir is marked by oppression, forced labor, heavy taxation, and the systematic impoverishment of Kashmiri Muslims.

The Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was established through the Second Treaty of Amritsar between the British East India Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu. This treaty added Kashmir Valley to the territories already ruled by Gulab Singh.

Gulab Singh, the Maharaja of Kashmir, died in 1857, leading to the succession of Rambir Singh as the ruler of the region.

Hari Singh ruled Kashmir from 1925 to 1949, following the reigns of earlier Maharajas like Gulab Singh and Partab Singh.

Maharaja Hari Singh passed the Hereditary State Subject order, which granted special privileges to state subjects in terms of jobs and residence in Jammu and Kashmir.

During the trial of Abdul Qadeer, who incited Kashmiris to rebel against the Dogras, Dogra troops shoot 22 Kashmiris dead, sparking widespread protests. The revolt is brutally suppressed, leading to further violence and rebellions in different regions of Kashmir.

The Glancy Commission appointed by the Maharaja recommended the establishment of a legislative assembly called the Praja Sabha in Jammu and Kashmir. The assembly would have 75 members with a mix of official representatives, elected representatives, and nominees of the Maharaja.

Sheikh Abdullah and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas founded the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference to advocate for the rights of the State's Muslims. The party aimed to fight for the political representation and interests of the Muslim population in the region.

The first elections for the Praja Sabha, the state's legislative assembly, were held in Jammu and Kashmir. The Muslim Conference won a majority of the seats reserved for Muslims, but faced challenges from other political groups.

Sheikh Abdullah met with Jawaharlal Nehru for the first time in 1937. This meeting marked the beginning of a significant political relationship between the two leaders.

The second election for the state's Legislative Assembly was held, with the Muslim Conference winning a majority of the contested seats. Independent candidates also joined the party after winning seats.

Under Sheikh Abdullah's leadership, the Muslim Conference changed its name to National Conference and opened its membership to people of all religions. The party also joined the All India States Peoples Conference.

The Pakistan Resolution was passed at Iqbal Park, Lahore, demanding the establishment of an independent state for regions with Muslim majorities. The resolution had implications for the future of Kashmir, as the letter 'K' in 'Pakistan' symbolized Kashmir.

Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas left the National Conference and revived the old Muslim Conference, which then became a client of the Jinnah-led Muslim League.

Sheikh Abdullah proposed a Naya Kashmir (New Kashmir) programme to the Maharaja, advocating for a constitutional monarchy.

Sheikh Abdullah was arrested and charged with sedition during the Quit Kashmir movement; Nehru's attempt to defend him resulted in his own arrest.

Representatives of the Muslim Conference met Jinnah in Karachi and were advised to take advantage of Sheikh Abdullah's failure to unseat the Maharaja.

The Muslim Conference lodged a complaint against Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak, accusing him of oppressing Muslims.

The Muslim Conference initiated a 'Campaign of Action' demanding an end to autocratic rule by the Maharaja, resulting in the imprisonment of Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas.

The British Resident in Kashmir observed that the Maharaja and Prime Minister intended to keep Kashmir away from the Indian Union due to perceived antagonism from the Congress Central Government.

In December 1946, the British Resident reported that Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas and Agha Shaukat Ali, new leaders of the Muslim Conference, were inciting anti-Hindu sentiments under the guise of promoting Muslim unity.

On 2nd March 1947, Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana resigned as the premier of Punjab, marking the collapse of the Unionist government. Communal violence erupted in Punjab, resulting in massacres and a significant refugee crisis towards Jammu and Kashmir.

On 21st April 1947, the Maharaja encountered a gathering of 40,000 demobilised soldiers in Rawalakot. The event left him both impressed and alarmed, as per sources from Azad Kashmir.

The Maharani of Jammu and Kashmir, along with Yuvraj Karan Singh, started talks with Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan to potentially become the Prime Minister of Kashmir, but Mahajan was hesitant.

Acharya Kripalani, the acting president of the Indian National Congress, visited Kashmir to discuss democratic reforms and the state's participation in the Constituent Assembly of India.

Choudhary Hamidullah, the acting president of the Muslim Conference, declared the party's intention to seek independence for the State of Kashmir.

Lord Mountbatten proposed a partition plan to divide British India into independent dominions of India and Pakistan.

At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru had conflicting views on the accession of princely states, with Jinnah advocating for rulers' decision and Nehru for people's choice.

Lord Mountbatten visited Kashmir for 5 days to convince the Maharaja to accede to either India or Pakistan, but the Maharaja was hesitant.

Vallabhbhai Patel wrote to the Maharaja to reassure him about the Indian National Congress's intentions and urged him to visit Delhi for further discussions.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah advised the Muslim Conference acting president Choudhry Hamidullah to support the Maharaja's desire for independence and expressed Pakistan's willingness to have friendly relations if Kashmir chose independence.

At a convention of the Muslim Conference workers in Srinagar, a compromise resolution was reached urging the Maharaja to declare internal autonomy and accede to Pakistan for specific matters.

State's Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak visited Delhi for discussions with political leaders, explaining the State's decision not to accede to either Dominion.

The British transferred the Gilgit Agency to the Maharaja, with Colonel Roger Bacon handing over power to Major Ghansara Singh.

The Maharaja dismissed Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak and appointed retired Major Janak Singh as his replacement.

In a tragic incident during the Partition, Lohars and 'Kashmiris' killed all Hindu and Sikh passengers of a train from Wazirabad to Jammu.

Pakistan Army initiated Operation Gulmarg to plan a tribal invasion of Kashmir.

Rebels led by Sardar Abdul Qayyum attacked State Forces at Bagh, allegedly incited by Muslims from West Punjab.

The Muslim Conference sent a warning to Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, expressing concerns about the state government and the National Conference plotting against them. They emphasized that if action was not taken, Kashmir could be lost to them.

Colonel Akbar Khan, later known as General Tariq, arrived in Rawalpindi and briefed the Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry on Pakistan's invasion plans. He was accompanied by Colonels Sher Khan and Khanzadeh.

In September 1947, Hindu militias and Dogra troops launched attacks on Muslims in Jammu, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. This event marked a tragic turn in the conflict in the region.

Henry Lawrence Scott informed the Maharaja of Kashmir that 400 armed Muslims had infiltrated from Kahuta to terrorize the Hindu and Sikh minorities. Kashmir reported the incident to Pakistan, urging them to control the infiltration.

Pakistan implemented trade restrictions on Kashmir, blocking supplies of essential goods like petrol, sugar, salt, and kerosene. They also halted trade in timber, fruits, fur, and carpets, violating the standstill agreement.

Liaquat Ali Khan approved the plan for an 'Armed Revolt inside Kashmir' prepared by Colonel Akbar Khan and another plan by Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan. Khurshid Anwar of the Muslim League National Guard was sent to mobilise Pashtun tribes for an armed attack.

Pakistan accepted the accession of the Junagadh State. Poonch rebels in Murree started lobbying Jinnah with telegrams reporting military oppression in Poonch and requesting intervention.

Mahajan met Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel in Delhi, informing them of the situation in the state. Nehru demanded the release of Sheikh Abdullah.

According to Sardar Ibrahim, a people's militia of 50,000 ex-servicemen had been raised to form an 'Azad Army'.

Muslim Conference convention held in Srinagar where a decision was made in favor of accession to Pakistan.

Civil & Military Gazette reported on the mass migration of Muslims from Jammu to West Punjab, significantly reducing Jammu city's Muslim population.

Nehru wrote to Vallabhbhai Patel predicting a potential Pakistani incursion into Kashmir and advised the Maharaja to align with the National Conference.

Sheikh Abdullah was released from prison, and significant population movements were observed in Jammu as Muslims from East Punjab and non-Muslims from West Punjab were escorted through the region.

Nehru proposed the idea of using a plebiscite to resolve disputes regarding princely states, which was met with interest by Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.

Dwarkanath Kachru visited Kashmir and reported to Nehru that the National Conference had decided in favor of accession to India.

Khwaja Ghulam Nabi Gilkar proclaimed a provisional 'Azad Kashmir' government in Muzaffarabad under the name 'Mr. Anwar', which was short-lived due to Gilkar's arrest.

On October 6, 1947, the Maharaja of Kashmir replaced Chief of State Forces Banbury and Police Chief Powell with Hindu officers.

The Maharaja of Kashmir imposed rigorous precensorship of the press, particularly regarding the State's accession, on October 7, 1947.

Rebels captured the Owen Pattan post on the Jhelum river, and State Forces abandoned Sehnsa and Throchi after an attack on October 8-9, 1947.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expedited Justice Mahajan's leave from Punjab High Court on October 10, 1947, enabling him to accept the Prime Ministership and visit Indian leaders and Lord Mountbatten before heading to Srinagar.

On October 12, 1947, K. H. Khurshid, Jinnah's private secretary, was dispatched to Kashmir to mobilise support for Pakistan, reporting the decline of the Muslim Conference and advocating for Pakistan to use force and supply arms to tribes.

Activists of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Akalis initiated attacks on villages in the Jammu district on October 14, 1947, resulting in casualties and property destruction, marking the start of the 1947 Jammu violence.

Mehr Chand Mahajan assumed the role of Prime Minister of Kashmir on October 15, 1947, amidst reports of concentration of tribesmen at Abbottabad-Mansehra.

Brigadier N.S. Rawat was appointed to lead the Jammu Brigade of the State Forces, while Brigadier Khuda Baksh was made Chief of Staff, second in command.

Sheikh Abdullah participated in the meeting of the Standing Committee of All India States Peoples Conference in Delhi.

The Maharaja and the new prime minister traveled to Jammu province to investigate Pakistani border raids, visiting various locations before returning to Srinagar.

Lorries carrying 900 Mahsud tribesmen left the Frontier tribal region for Kashmir, prompting a warning letter from Governor George Cunningham to Indian Army Chief Gen. Rob Lockhart about the invasion.

The Dak Bungalow at Bhimber was attacked by rebels amidst accusations of an attempt to harm or abduct the Maharaja during his scheduled visit.

On October 22, 1947, members of Afridi and other Pashtun groups started converging along the border and entered Baramulla to support Kashmiris. However, the lack of clear leadership led to their efforts faltering.

Rebel forces in the western districts of Jammu formed a provisional Azad Kashmir government based in Palandri on 24 October 1947.

India's forcible occupation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 is the main cause of the dispute. India claims to have 'signed' a controversial document, the Instrument of Accession, with the Maharaja of Kashmir on 26 October 1947, which is not accepted by the people of Kashmir and Pakistan.

On October 27, 1947, Indian Air troops landed in Kashmir as the Maharajah declared accession of Kashmir to India.

Following the signing of the Treaty of Accession on October 27, 1947, the first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir broke out. This conflict had far-reaching consequences for the region.

Field Marshal Auchinleck visited Lahore on October 28, 1947, to clarify the stand down order to Jinnah regarding the Kashmir conflict. Jinnah proposed a conference in Lahore with Indian leaders, which was declined by the Indian Cabinet.

On October 29, 1947, Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan officially entered the war in Kashmir by deciding to maintain a force of at least 5,000 tribesmen in the region. This decision marked a significant escalation in the conflict in Kashmir.

Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the head of the Emergency Administration in Kashmir on October 31, 1947. This appointment was a crucial development in the governance of Kashmir during a period of intense conflict and political turmoil.

On November 1, 1947, Lord Mountbatten and Mohammad Ali Jinnah met in Lahore to discuss the accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir. Mountbatten proposed a plebiscite to determine the will of the people in these regions, but Jinnah rejected the offer.

On November 3, 1947, tribesmen broke through to within 5 miles of the Srinagar airport in Kashmir, leading to heavy casualties for the Indian forces. This event highlighted the intensity of the conflict in the region.

Convoys of Muslim refugees from Jammu heading to West Punjab were ambushed by armed groups supported by State troops, resulting in a high number of casualties. This event led to the establishment of 6 November as a day of remembrance in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir.

Azad rebels seized control of Rajouri, where a large number of Hindus and Sikhs were massacred before the town was relieved. The brutal 1947 Rajouri Massacre resulted in the death of thousands of civilians.

Indian troops successfully repelled an attack on a convoy of Muslim refugees from Jammu, eliminating 150 attackers. This incident marked the end of reported attacks on convoys in the region.

Major General Kulwant Singh instructed the 50 Para Brigade to relieve several key areas including Nowshera, Jhangar, Mirpur, Kotli, and Poonch within a week. The ambitious plan faced criticism from General Roy Bucher.

Pakistan's Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, assumed control in Gilgit and dismissed the provisional government. This marked a significant political change in the region.

The Jammu Praja Parishad was established with key figures like Hari Wazir and Hansraj Pangotra taking leadership roles. Prominent members included Pandit Prem Nath Dogra and Balraj Madhok.

The 50 Para Brigade successfully relieved Nowshera, achieving a strategic milestone in the conflict. This operation was crucial in stabilizing the situation in the region.

On November 21, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru expressed the intention to hold a plebiscite or referendum under international auspices, such as the United Nations, to determine Kashmir's accession. This statement reflected the ongoing debate and uncertainty surrounding Kashmir's status.

Mirpur fell to rebels, leading to the killing of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs who were seeking shelter in the town. The event is known as the 1947 Mirpur Massacre and is commemorated as 'Mirpur day' in Indian-administered Jammu.

50 Para Brigade relieved Kotli from rebels but had to evacuate it the next day due to the challenges of defending it against the surrounding rebel forces.

Horace Alexander estimated that around 200,000 Muslims were affected by anti-Muslim violence in Jammu. Mahatma Gandhi addressed the issue in a prayer meeting and criticized Sheikh Abdullah for not limiting the powers of the Maharaja.

Large groups of insurgents were reported in Sialkot, Gujrat, and Jhelum, indicating escalating tensions and conflict in the region.

On December 4, 1947, the British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army approved military intervention in the Kashmir War, providing one million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers.

A meeting held on December 8, 1947, between Nehru, Liaquat Ali Khan, and Lord Mountbatten reached a deadlock, leading Mountbatten to suggest involving the UN to resolve the issue.

Between December 15-20, 1947, Indian forces considered escalating the conflict by striking the raiders' bases across the international border but ultimately decided against it.

On December 20, 1947, Mountbatten advised India to bring the Kashmir matter to the UN, believing it would have a strong case and prompt the UN to direct Pakistan to withdraw.

On December 22, 1947, Nehru formally requested Liaquat Ali Khan to ensure that Pakistan refrains from aiding the raiders involved in the conflict.

By December 24, 1947, rebels managed to expel Indian forces from Jhangar in Kashmir, although the attack on Nowshera was successfully repelled by December 27. India reinforced Kashmir with an additional brigade.

On December 27, 1947, British Commonwealth Minister Philip Noel-Baker criticized India's political miscalculation regarding the UN Security Council's stance on Pakistan as an aggressor. He anticipated that the Security Council would concentrate on the plebiscite issue.

Mountbatten advised Nehru to halt the conflict in Kashmir promptly to avoid a broader war. The British government was informed of the discussions between Mountbatten and Nehru, emphasizing the risk of an Indian defeat leading to a larger-scale conflict.

India officially brought the Kashmir problem to the attention of the UN Security Council on this date, seeking international intervention and resolution.

On 1 January 1948, India brought the Kashmir dispute to the United Nations, seeking international intervention in the conflict with Pakistan over the region.

British Minister Philip Noel-Baker proposed a plan to place Kashmir under impartial administration supervised by the UN and suggested joint military operations between India, Pakistan, and UN forces. However, the US did not endorse these suggestions.

India and Pakistan presented their cases to the UN Security Council. India reiterated its demands while Pakistan made allegations of 'genocide' against Muslims in India and demanded withdrawal of raiders and Indians from Kashmir.

UNSC passed Resolution 38 urging India and Pakistan to refrain from escalating the situation and report any 'material changes'.

Resolution 39 established a commission to investigate the Kashmir dispute, although it was not operational until May 1948.

Sheikh Abdullah proposed independence for Kashmir to US delegate Warren Austin, but the US was not interested in further dividing India.

India requested a pause in Security Council discussions and considered withdrawing the UN referral due to lack of consideration for its complaints.

On February 8, 1948, the Azad Kashmir Government shifted its capital to Muzaffarabad.

Security Council discussions were adjourned on this date.

Serious disagreements emerged between the US and UK delegations regarding the approach to the Kashmir resolution. The US emphasized Pakistan's responsibility to halt support to raiders, advocated for maintaining the interim government of Kashmir, and limited the UN commission's role to overseeing the plebiscite.

A small contingent of Indian troops traversed the challenging Zoji La pass, arriving in Leh with arms and ammunition to establish a local volunteer force.

On 17 March 1948, Sheikh Abdullah took oath as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, after the Indian government obliged Hari Singh to step down and yield power to Abdullah.

The Republic of China, as the Security Council Chair, introduced a resolution comprising peace restoration by urging Pakistan to withdraw raiders, recommending India to form a plebiscite administration with UN-appointed directors, and expanding the interim government with representatives from major political factions.

Resolution 47 was passed by the UN Security Council, outlining a three-step process for resolving the Kashmir dispute. It involved Pakistani withdrawal of nationals, reduction of Indian troops, and preparations for a plebiscite. The UN Commission was expanded to the UNCIP with five members.

The UNSC Resolution of 21 April 1948 emphasized the need for a democratic plebiscite to determine the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to either India or Pakistan.

Four columns of insurgents attacked Indian lines of communication at Gund, Pandras, Dras, and Kargil, with all locations except Gund being captured. This operation severed the Indian land route to Skardu and Leh.

India established an air link to Leh, improving connectivity to the region.

UNCIP arrived in the subcontinent and discussions took place regarding Pakistan's aggression in Kashmir, with differing views between Pakistan and India on the matter.

The UNCIP Resolution of 3 August 1948 supported the UNSC resolutions regarding the Kashmir conflict, reinforcing the call for a plebiscite in the region.

UNCIP adopted its first resolution on Kashmir, addressing objections from India and Pakistan. The resolution indirectly acknowledged Pakistan's aggression and called for its withdrawal.

State forces at Skardu fell after an eight-month siege.

After negotiations with India and Pakistan, UNCIP left for Zurich to draft an interim report for the UN Security Council.

India recaptured Zoji La pass, a strategic location in the conflict.

Dras was recaptured by Indian forces, marking a significant advancement in the conflict.

Two Indian columns linked at Poonch, relieving pressure on the garrison stationed there.

Kargil was recaptured by Indian forces, further consolidating control in the region.

In December 1948, the regular Pakistan army launched a major attack on the Indian line of communications at Beripattan-Nowshera.

On January 1, 1949, the United Nations issued cease-fire orders to operate in Kashmir, leading to the cessation of war.

On January 1, 1949, a ceasefire agreement between Indian and Pakistani forces resulted in India gaining control of the Kashmir Valley, most of the Jammu province, and Ladakh, while Pakistan acquired control over Azad Kashmir, the Gilgit Agency, and Baltistan.

UNCIP declared on January 5, 1949, that a plebiscite would determine the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan, but disagreements over demilitarisation procedures hindered the truce agreement between the two countries.

On April 28, 1949, Azad Kashmir signed the Karachi Agreement with Pakistan, granting control over defence, foreign affairs, and Gilgit-Baltistan, a pact that remained undisclosed until 1990.

Sheikh Abdullah and his associates, nominated by the Maharaja, became members of the Constituent Assembly of India on June 16, 1949.

On June 20, 1949, Maharaja Hari Singh announced his abdication and appointed his son Karan Singh as the Prince Regent of Jammu and Kashmir.

On October 17, 1949, the Indian Constituent Assembly adopted Article 370 of the Constitution, granting special status and internal autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir with limited Indian jurisdiction in specific areas.

In May 1950, Sir Owen Dixon, a UN mediator, arrived in the subcontinent to mediate the Kashmir conflict.

The convening of the Constituent Assembly in Indian Kashmir in July 1950 led to contention between India and Pakistan. Pakistan protested to the Security Council, and tensions escalated between the two countries.

In August 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan accepted the partition-cum-plebiscite principle for Kashmir, but India rejected the idea of replacing the National Conference administration.

The UN Security Council adopts the Anglo-American Resolution on Kashmir, urging immediate demilitarization talks between India and Pakistan, highlighting the international concern over the Kashmir conflict.

On 15 January 1952, students staged a demonstration against the hoisting of the state flag alongside the Indian Union flag, leading to a 72-hour curfew imposed.

On December 14, 1952, a 'Satyagrahi' named Mela Ram was shot and killed by police in Chhamb while trying to hoist the Indian national flag. His funeral was attended by over 30,000 individuals in mourning and support of the movement.

Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed from his position by Sadr-i-Riyasat and subsequently arrested. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed was appointed as the new prime minister.

Pakistan and India held bilateral talks in Delhi where they agreed to appoint a Plebiscite Administrator within six months. The agreement included holding a plebiscite in all regions and potentially partitioning the state based on the results.

Under Bakshi Mohammad's leadership, the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir ratified the state's accession to India.

After Sheikh Abdullah's overthrow, his lieutenant Mirza Afzal Beg formed the Plebiscite Front to fight for plebiscite demand and the release of Sheikh Abdullah.

On 17 November 1956, the state Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution declaring the state as an integral part of the Indian Union.

The UN Security Council passed Resolution 122 stating that the state constitution was not a final legal disposition of the State. India's Home Minister declared that Jammu and Kashmir was an integral part of India, rejecting the idea of a plebiscite.

Sheikh Abdullah was arrested in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case, leading to political tensions in the region.

China annexed Tibet, leading to increased tensions between China and India over border disputes, particularly in Aksai Chin.

China invaded and fought a war with India along the disputed Indo-Chinese border, including in Indian-administered Ladakh, marking their entry into the Kashmir conflict.

Mass unrest followed the missing of holy relic from the Hazratbal Shrine, leading to diplomatic decisions like dropping charges in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case.

The Jammu Praja Parishad officially merged with the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, consolidating their demands and political influence.

The government dropped all charges in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case, leading to the release of Sheikh Abdullah after 11 years of imprisonment.

The sudden death of Nehru in 1964 marked the end of a peace initiative related to the Kashmir problem.

Articles 356 and 357 of the Indian Constitution were extended to Jammu and Kashmir, allowing the Central Government to assume the government of the State and exercise its legislative powers. This led to amendments in the State Constitution, changing key posts to align with the Indian Constitution.

The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly passed a constitutional amendment changing key posts, signaling a shift in the region's governance.

The Jammu and Kashmir National Conference dissolved itself and merged into the Indian National Congress as a centralizing strategy. This move had implications on the political landscape of the region.

In 1966, small armed revolutionary groups emerge in Kashmir, advocating for independence, with groups like JKNLF and Al Fatah gaining prominence.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman proclaimed Bangladesh's independence on 26 March 1971, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War.

India and Pakistan signed the Simla Accord in 1972, agreeing to respect the Line of Control and resolve differences over Kashmir through peaceful negotiation. The accord left the final settlement of the Kashmir question for a future date.

In 1974, the 1927 State Subject law was officially abolished in Gilgit Baltistan, allowing Pakistanis to settle and buy land.

On 24 February 1975, the Indira-Sheikh accord was reached between Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, leading to the dissolution of the Plebiscite Front and the renaming of the National Conference. Sheikh Abdullah assumed the position of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir after an 11-year gap.

Maqbool Bhat, who had been imprisoned in both Indian and Pakistani jails, is arrested again in Kashmir. A death warrant had been issued against him for the murder of a bank official, highlighting the turbulent political environment in the region.

Amanullah Khan, Abdul Khaliq Ansari, and others establish the JKLF in Birmingham, aiming for the liberation of Jammu and Kashmir. This marks a significant development in the separatist movement in the region.

On 17 June 1977, mid-term elections were called in Jammu and Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference emerged victorious in what was considered the first 'free and fair' election in the State, leading to Abdullah's re-election as chief minister on 9 July.

In 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan, leading to the involvement of the US and Pakistan in training, recruiting, arming, and unleashing the Mujahideen on Afghanistan. The Mujahideen later pursued their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir in the late 1980s.

In 1980, Pakistani President Zia ul-Haq sought help from the chief of Jamaat-e-Islami in Azad Kashmir to raise an insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir, promising to divert funds and resources from the American-sponsored insurgency in Afghanistan.

Sheikh Abdullah, a prominent political figure in Kashmir, passes away on September 8, 1982. His death marks a significant transition in Kashmiri politics and leadership.

In May 1983, the chief of Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir, Maulana Saaduddin Tarabali, struck a deal with Pakistani president Zia ul-Haq for conducting an armed insurgency in Kashmir. The first group of volunteers were sent to Pakistan-administered Kashmir for training in militancy.

In September 1983, Ansarul Islam, possibly the first Islamist militant group in Kashmir and a precursor to the Hizbul Mujahideen, was founded by Hilal Ahmed Mir. It later started sending members to Pakistan and Afghanistan for armed training.

On 6 February 1984, the Indian consul general in Birmingham, Ravindra Mhatre, was abducted by JKLF militants and murdered. India responded by hanging Maqbool Bhat soon afterward.

Maqbool Bhat is hanged in Tihar Jail on February 11, 1984. His execution sparks further unrest and leads to the emergence of underground armed movements in Kashmir.

On 13 April 1984, the Indian Army captured the Siachen Glacier region of Kashmir during Operation Meghdoot.

Ghulam Mohammad Shah, supported by Indira Gandhi, replaced Farooq Abdullah as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in a political coup in July 1984.

Ghulam Mohammad Shah's government was dismissed on 12 March 1986 by Governor Jagmohan following communal riots in south Kashmir, leading Jagmohan to rule the state directly.

In March 1987, elections in Jammu and Kashmir were rigged by India, leading to protests and violent resistance.

In May 1988, multiple groups of radical Sunnis, led by Osama bin Laden and supported by Pervez Musharraf, General Zia-ul Haq, and Mirza Aslam Beg, massacred hundreds of Shias in the 1988 Gilgit Massacre.

On July 31, 1988, the Kashmir insurgency was de facto launched by the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) with four attempted bombings in the Kashmir Valley. The group Al-Hamza was responsible for the attacks.

In November 1989, militants belonging to the JKLF abducted the daughter of Home Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed. She was released after the government agreed to release five detained militants.

On January 17, 1990, the Indian government dismissed Farooq Abdullah's government in Kashmir and imposed central rule. A Hindu nationalist bureaucrat named Jagmohan was appointed as the governor, leading to widespread military crackdowns and intense curfews in the region.

On January 19, 1990, thousands of Hindu families left Kashmir and headed to Jammu due to threats and fear for their lives. This exodus was a significant event in the Kashmir conflict, with differing narratives about the reasons behind the departure.

On January 20, 1990, around 100 unarmed protesters were killed by Indian troops at the Gawkadal bridge, sparking an insurgency in Kashmir.

On January 21, 1990, an estimated 55-65 unarmed protesters were killed by Indian troops near Gawakadal in Srinagar. This event further escalated tensions in Kashmir and led to widespread misery in the region.

Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan, was killed by militants in February 1990 for his pro-Indian media policies.

On March 1, 1990, Indian soldiers killed around 50 Kashmiri protestors near Tengpora in Srinagar. This violent incident added to the growing unrest in Kashmir and fueled further protests against Indian forces.

On March 30, 1990, JKLF chief commander Ashfaq Wani was killed during an attack, marking a significant blow to the armed struggle in Kashmir. His death led to widespread mourning and increased recruitment by militant groups.

On May 21, 1990, the chief preacher of Kashmir, Mirwaiz Maulvi Farooq, was assassinated during a funeral march. This event sparked further violence, with Indian paramilitaries killing mourners near Hawal in Srinagar.

Indian soldiers enter two villages in north Kashmir, Kunan and Poshpora, and rape dozens of Kashmiri women. The Indian government denies the charge, leading to controversy and conflicting reports.

On December 28, 1991, Panun Kashmir adopted the Margdarshan resolution in Jammu, advocating for a separate Union Territory for Kashmiri Hindus.

APHC is formed as an amalgamation of dozens of Kashmiri political groups with the goal of Kashmir's right to self-determination. The question of independence or merger with Pakistan remains open.

Alleged massacre in Sopore where paramilitary forces rampaged through the market, setting buildings ablaze and shooting bystanders in retaliation for the killing of a soldier.

Inquiry into Bijbehara killings found that Indian military fired unprovoked on a procession, killing 40 people and injuring 150, with the military's claim of retaliation being deemed baseless.

In 1994, the International Commission of Jurists conducted a fact-finding mission in Kashmir, concluding that the people of Jammu and Kashmir had a legitimate right to self-determination, justifying their insurgency.

On July 4, a faction of Harkat ul Mujahideen, known as Al Faran, kidnaps five western tourists in South Kashmir. The tourists are later handed over to a Muslim Mujahideen commander, who is believed to have killed them.

Prominent Kashmiri human rights activist and lawyer Jalil Andrabi is abducted by an Indian military officer Avtar Gill. Andrabi's body is later found in a river.

Amnesty International criticized the Indian Military for an incident on April 22, 1996, in Wawoosa, Jammu and Kashmir, where armed forces personnel reportedly molested and raped multiple young girls. The incident raised concerns about human rights violations by the military in the region.

Under pressure from the Ikhwanis, Jamaat Islami declares an end to ties with Hizbul Mujahideen (HM). HM launches attacks on the Ikhwanis and regains dominance in the countryside.

India conducted nuclear tests on May 11, 1998, by detonating five nuclear devices, leading to global criticism and sanctions.

Pakistan responded to India's nuclear tests by conducting its own nuclear tests on May 13, 1998.

India test-fired its long-range Agni missile on April 11, 1999, raising international concerns about an arms race in the region.

Pakistan test-fired its long-range Gauri missile on April 14, 1999, in response to India's missile test.

Pakistan test-fired its medium-range Shaheen missile on April 15, 1999, escalating tensions in the region.

India conducted another ballistic missile test on April 16, 1999, further raising international concerns about an arms race.

Terrorists infiltrated an Indian Border Security Forces residential complex, taking 12 hostages after killing three officials. The hostages were eventually freed the next day.

Indian Airlines flight IC 814 was hijacked by Pakistan-backed operatives on December 24, 1999, leading to a hostage crisis and subsequent release of terrorists.

On March 20, 2000, 35 Kashmiri Sikhs were killed in Chattisinghpora, with blame shifting between Islamic militants and Indian government agencies.

The Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar was attacked, resulting in 38 fatalities.

Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent APHC leader, is assassinated by unidentified gunmen. India accuses the Pakistani ISI and hardline factions of the APHC, while many in Kashmir blame Indian agencies.

Kashmir Law Minister Mushtaq Ahmed Lone was assassinated at an election rally in Kupwara, India. The attack was claimed by multiple terrorist groups.

India launches a major operation in the Jammu province against Muslim insurgents, resulting in the death of dozens.

India and Pakistan declare a ceasefire along the Line of Control (LoC), restore diplomatic relations, and initiate a 'Bus service' between Lahore and Amritsar.

An explosive device blast occurred at a government building in Srinagar, injuring one employee. The incident was seen as an attempt to disrupt the countrywide elections in the region.

Four civilians were killed and forty five were wounded in a car bomb blast near a bank branch in Lal Chowk, Srinagar. Al-Arifeen claimed responsibility for the attack.

India and Pakistan engage in peace talks where Musharraf proposes a 4-Point Formula for peace in Kashmir, including free cross-LoC movement for Kashmiris, self-governance, phased troop withdrawal, and a joint mechanism for implementation. This leads to divisions within the APHC.

An opinion poll conducted in 2007 by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies revealed that 87% of people in mainly Muslim Srinagar desire independence, while 95% of people in mainly Hindu Jammu city prefer the state to be part of India.

Hundreds of thousands of Muslims marched in Srinagar for independence following the 2008 Kashmir unrest, marking the largest protest against Indian rule in over a decade.

Rape and murder of two Kashmiri women in Shopian leads to widespread protests. Independent investigations implicate Indian forces, but the government closes the case, sparking outrage.

In April 2010, the Indian military kills three Kashmiri civilians in Machil, Kupwara, and falsely labels them as 'foreign terrorists', sparking tensions in the region.

In June 2010, eight-year-old Tufail Mattoo is tragically killed in Srinagar by a teargas shell fired by Indian forces, leading to widespread protests and unrest in Kashmir.

A US drone strike in June 2011 killed Ilyas Kashmiri, the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda. This event highlighted the ongoing battle against militant groups in the region.

The Chief Minister of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, Omar Abdullah, stated that the security situation was not conducive to revoking the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in August 2012.

Indian President Pranab Mukherjee visited Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in September 2012, despite threats of protests from separatists. No security incidents were reported during the visit.

On February 9, 2013, the Indian government executes Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri man convicted for the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, amidst controversy and international criticism.

In 2014, the APHC faction led by Mirwaiz Umar splits, with some members joining Geelani's faction, marking a significant shift in Kashmiri separatist politics.

In March 2015, the PDP forms an alliance with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's BJP, causing a stir in Kashmir as Hindu nationalists officially come to power in the region.

Indian forces kill Burhan Wani, a 22-year old commander of HM, leading to widespread protests in Kashmir. His death sparks the rise of 'New-Age Militancy' in the region.

An attack by four militants on an Indian Army base on 18 September 2016, known as the 2016 Uri attack, resulted in the death of 19 soldiers and the militants themselves, escalating tensions between India and Pakistan.

Operation All-Out is an intensified offensive against the separatists in Kashmir, launched after protests erupted in the Valley. More than 50 civilians were reportedly killed by Indian security forces in 2017.

In June, BJP ends its alliance with PDP in Kashmir, leading to the Indian governor taking full charge of the region.

The Indian governor dissolves the Legislative Assembly of Kashmir in November.

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) carried out a suicide bomb attack on a military convoy in Pulwama on 14 February 2019, killing over 40 Indian soldiers, leading to retaliatory actions and escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan.

The Indian government revokes Article 370 and 35A, stripping Kashmir of its autonomy and special status, leading to a complete communication shutdown and curfew in the region.

27th October is marked as Black Day by Kashmiris worldwide protesting against Indian occupation of Jammu and Kashmir.

The Indian government divides the State of Jammu and Kashmir into two 'Union Territories,' significantly altering the governance structure and control over the region.

In June 2020, Chinese and Indian forces clashed along the border in Ladakh. This resulted in the death of 20 Indian soldiers and China forcing India to withdraw several kilometers away from the disputed boundary.

In July 2020, Geelani, a prominent figure in Kashmir politics, left his own faction of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC), marking the end of his 70-year-long political career.