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2024-09-22 08:21:10

Great Depression

Global economic downturn in 1929
Great Depression
Great Depression
Global economic downturn in 1929

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929. It was triggered by the Wall Street stock market crash and resulted in high unemployment, business failures, and a significant drop in GDP. The effects lasted until the start of World War II, impacting both rich and poor countries.

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1920-01-17
The 18th Amendment (Prohibition) goes into effect

The 18th Amendment, known as Prohibition, goes into effect, banning the sale and manufacture of all alcoholic beverages in the United States. This led to a significant increase in illegal alcohol production and distribution.

1923
U.S. Stock Market begins upward climb

In 1923, the value of stocks on the U.S. Stock market begins a six-year upward climb, leading to a period of economic growth and prosperity.

1926
The 1926 Crisis

The 1926 crisis refers to a period of economic turmoil that occurred in 1926, likely due to various factors such as market fluctuations, political instability, or international conflicts.

1928
Election of Republican Herbert Hoover as President

In November 1928, Republican Herbert Hoover is elected President of the United States. His presidency would be overshadowed by the Great Depression that struck shortly after.

1929
Wall Street Crash of 1929

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, was a major stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression in the United States and had global economic repercussions.

1929
Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries, it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.

1929-03-04
Herbert Hoover Became President

Herbert Hoover became president on March 4, 1929. His laissez-faire economic policies did little to stop the Great Depression. He believed in a free-market economy and lowered the top income tax rate from 25% to 24%.

1929-03-25
Mini-Stock Market Crash

A mini-stock market crash occurred after the Federal Reserve warned of excessive speculation. The crash was averted two days later when National City Bank injected $25 million in credit into the stock market.

1929-06-15
Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929

The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 was signed into law, providing emergency loans of around $100 million to struggling farmers.

1929-09-03
Dow Jones Industrial Average Peaks

The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaks at 381.17, a level it would not reach again until November 23, 1954.

1929-10-01
Wall Street Crash

The American stock market collapses, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its peak in September 1929 at 381.17, but does not recover until 1954. It hits a Depression-era low of 41.22 in 1932.

1929-10
Stock Market Crash of 1929

In October 1929, the stock market experienced a severe crash, leading to the onset of the Great Depression.

1929-10-24
Black Thursday stock market crash

Black Thursday prompts the start of the stock market crash, plunging the country and the rest of the world into the Great Depression. The price of stocks dropped by 11%, leading to a significant economic downturn.

1929-10-24
Wall Street Crash of 1929

The Wall Street crash of 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, a severe worldwide economic depression in the 1930s.

1929-10-28
Black Monday

On October 28, 1929, stocks prices fell 13%, marking the infamous Black Monday during the stock market crash of 1929.

1929-10-29
Black Tuesday

On 'Black Tuesday', the New York Stock Exchange collapses, with the Dow Jones closing down over 12%, marking one of the most devastating events of the Great Depression.

1929-10-29
Stock Market Crash

The event where the stock market in the United States collapsed, leading to a severe economic downturn known as the Great Depression.

1929-11-13
Stock Market Bottoms Out

The stock market bottoms out at 198.60, followed by a bear market that would last until April 1930, contributing to the severity of the Great Depression.

1929-11-23
Sideways Trading Begins

On November 23, 1929, the stock market began sideways trading after plummeting to the bottom. President Hoover's statement about the economic future added to the unawareness of the trouble coming.

1930
Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.

1930-04-17
Dow Reaches Secondary Closing Peak

The Dow reaches a secondary closing peak of 294.07, followed by a long stagnation until a severe decline began in April 1931, reflecting the ongoing economic challenges of the Great Depression.

1930-05-01
Automobile Sales Decline

Automobile sales fall below 1928 levels, indicating the continued economic downturn and impact of the Great Depression on consumer spending.

1930-06-17
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act passed

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was passed, placing more stress on the weakening global economy, primarily through the collapse in trade of agricultural products, which strained banks that had lent heavily to farmers. It further decreased trade of manufactured products, leading to layoffs and reduced corporate profits, weakening the economy.

1930-07-21
Creation of the Department of Veterans Affairs

On July 21, 1930, President Hoover created the Department of Veterans Affairs, aiming to provide support and services to American veterans. This was a significant step in addressing the needs of veterans following World War I.

1930-09-14
1930 German federal election

The 1930 German federal election was held, with strong gains for the Nazis and the Communists, who became the second-largest party in the Reichstag. The parties constituting the incumbent pro-democratic Weimar Coalition suffered catastrophic losses.

1930-10
Wall Street Stock Exchange Crash and Global Great Depression Begins

In October 1930, the Wall Street Stock Exchange crashed, triggering the onset of the global Great Depression, leading to widespread economic hardship and financial turmoil.

1930-11-07
Bank of Tennessee Failure

The Bank of Tennessee fails, causing failures in associated banks and contributing to weaknesses in the banking system. This had a significant impact on the economy, leading to a series of bank failures and economic downturn.

1930-12-11
Bank of the United States Failure

On December 11, 1930, the failure of the Bank of the United States, the fourth-largest bank in the nation at the time, marked the largest bank failure in history. This event further deepened the economic crisis, leading to significant budget deficits, an 8.5% contraction in the economy, and a rise in unemployment to 8.7%.

1930-12-27
Soup Kitchen

Dolly Gann, sister of U.S. vice president Charles Curtis, helps serve meals to the hungry at a Salvation Army soup kitchen on December 27, 1930, reflecting the widespread impact of the Great Depression on the American society.

1931
Bank Failures and Economic Panic

By the end of 1931, over 2200 banks had failed, leading to widespread panic among the population. The Stock Market had not recovered, the drought persisted, and the country was in a state of desperation.

1931-03-03
National Anthem Act

President Herbert Hoover signs an act making the 'Star-Spangled Banner' the national anthem of the United States.

1931-03-25
Scottsboro Boys Case

Nine black youths, known as the 'Scottsboro Boys', are charged with rape, leading to a landmark case that established the right of African Americans to serve on juries.

1931-05-11
Creditanstalt becomes insolvent

Creditanstalt, Austria's premier bank with major stakes across a variety of industries, becomes insolvent after being forced to assume liabilities from three other insolvent banks, triggering a cascading effect of bank failures across Central Europe. The collapse of Creditanstalt caused the Bank of France, the National Bank of Belgium, the Netherlands Bank, and the Swiss National Bank to begin a run on the U.S. dollar for their gold reserves, and forced the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates from 1.5% to 3.5% to maintain the gold standards, which in turn contributed to the deepening of the Depression and the second round of banking failures in the U.S. during the summer of 1931.

1931-09-21
Britain leaves the gold standard

On September 21, 1931, Britain left the gold standard, leading to a 25% depreciation of the pound sterling. Despite warnings of disaster, the departure proved beneficial to the British economy, as exports became more competitive. This event also allowed the Bank of England to engage in money creation and reduce interest rates, leading to economic growth and reduced unemployment.

1931-10-24
Alphonse Capone sentenced for income tax evasion

Alphonse Capone, the notorious gangster, receives an 11-year prison sentence for income tax evasion, marking the downfall of a prominent figure in organized crime during the Great Depression.

1931-10-27
United Kingdom General election, 1931

On October 27, 1931, the United Kingdom General election took place, destroying the Labour Party and delivering a landslide victory to the Conservative Party.

1931-12-01
New York's Bank of the United States collapses

In 1931, New York's Bank of the United States collapses, marking the largest bank failure in American history, leading to the disappearance of $200 million in deposits and leaving the bank's customers in a dire situation.

1931-12-11
Bank of the United States Failure

On December 11, 1931, the Bank of the United States failed, causing the biggest bank failure in the history of the United States. This event had a significant impact on the economic crisis during the Great Depression.

1931-12-19
Radio Priest Charles Coughlin's Broadcast

In 1931, 'Radio Priest' Charles Coughlin's weekly broadcast garners an average of 30 to 45 million listeners, exerting significant influence during the Great Depression.

1932
The Great Depression in the United States

The Great Depression, a severe worldwide economic depression, reached its peak in the United States in 1932, leading to widespread unemployment and economic hardship.

1932
Unemployment during the Great Depression

In 1932, during the peak of the Great Depression, the unemployment rate in the United States reached a staggering 20%. This high level of unemployment caused immense hardship for millions of people.

1932-01-22
Establishment of Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Congress establishes the Reconstruction Finance Corporation on January 22, 1932, aiming to provide federal financial support to the banking systems during the Great Depression, which was a crucial step in stabilizing the economy.

1932-03-01
Lindbergh Kidnapping

The son of aviator Charles Lindbergh is kidnapped, leading to a high-profile and tragic criminal case.

1932-06-06
Passing of the Revenue Act of 1932

The Revenue Act of 1932 is signed into law, raising taxes on personal income, corporate income, and sales taxes on various goods.

1932-06-20
Hoover proposes moratorium on international debts

U.S. president Herbert Hoover suggests a temporary halt on the payment of international debts, which includes German reparations.

1932-07-02
Franklin D. Roosevelt's acceptance speech for Democratic nomination

On July 2, 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers a speech accepting the Democratic nomination for president, where he pledges 'a new deal for the American people,' setting the stage for his presidency and the New Deal policies.

1932-07-08
Dow Jones Industrial Index bottoms out

The Dow Jones Industrial Index bottoms out at 41.22, the lowest level recorded in the 20th century and representing an 89% loss from its peak in September 1929.

1932-07-08
Dow Jones Reaches Lowest Point of Great Depression

On July 8, 1932, the Dow Jones Industrial Average hit its lowest point during the Great Depression, closing at 41.22, which was a staggering 89 percent drop from its peak in 1929.

1932-07-13
Danat-Bank failure triggers German banking crisis

Germany's second largest bank, Danat-Bank, collapses leading to a widespread banking crisis in the country.

1932-07-28
Bonus Army march on Washington, DC

On July 28, 1932, thousands of unemployed World War I veterans and their families, known as the Bonus Army, march on Washington, DC, seeking early payment of previously promised bonus pay, but are denied by Congress, leading to violence and reflecting badly on the Hoover Administration during the Great Depression.

1932-07-31
German federal election, July 1932

The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, becomes the largest party in the Reichstag (but lacks a majority). For the first time, the combined strength of the Communists and Nazis means that there is an anti-democratic majority in Germany.

1932-11-06
German federal election, November 1932

The last free and fair all-German election until 1990 is held. A minor setback for the Nazi Party, a campaign of mass violence and intimidation would begin in the run up to the next election in March 1933. Nonetheless, the anti-democratic majority between the Communists and Nazis is narrowly maintained.

1932-11-08
President Roosevelt is Elected

Democratic candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President of the United States after defeating Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory. Roosevelt got 22,800,000 popular votes, compared to Hoover who got 15,750,000. Unemployment Rate: 23.6%.

1932-11-08
Presidential Election of Franklin D. Roosevelt

On November 8, 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential election, defeating Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt's victory marked a significant shift in American politics during the Great Depression.

1932-12-19
Unemployment at 24.1%

In 1932, unemployment averages 24.1% for the year, reflecting the severe economic challenges faced during the Great Depression.

1933
First New Deal

A series of programs and reforms implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression.

1933-01-30
Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany

Adolf Hitler, leader of Germany's Nazi party, is appointed Chancellor, marking a significant turning point in German politics and paving the way for the establishment of a totalitarian regime.

1933-02-14
Michigan Declares Indefinite Bank Holiday

Michigan becomes the first state in the U.S. to declare an indefinite bank holiday, in an attempt to stem the impending collapse of First National Bank of Detroit and the Guardian National Bank of Commerce, the two largest banks in Detroit. This action was taken due to the threat of failure if the Ford Motor Company withdrew all of its deposits in the two banks, leading to widespread unemployment and economic instability.

1933-03
President Roosevelt's Decision to Sever Link with Gold and Print Money

In March 1933, during the depths of the Great Depression, President Roosevelt took a bold step by severing the link between the US dollar and gold. This decision allowed the government to print money to ease economic pressure and stimulate the economy.

1933-03-04
Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes President and launches the New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes President and launches the New Deal, a series of programs and reforms aimed at addressing the economic challenges of the Great Depression. In his inaugural address, he delivers the iconic line: 'The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.'

1933-03-04
Roosevelt's Inauguration

On March 4, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as the President of the United States. This marked the beginning of his presidency during a time of economic crisis.

1933-03-05
Bank Holiday

President Roosevelt closes all banks for a 'bank holiday' to address the economic crisis during the Great Depression.

1933-03-06
President Roosevelt orders nationwide bank holiday

President Roosevelt orders a nationwide “bank holiday” from Monday, March 6 through Thursday, March 9, and then extends it through March 12 to restore public confidence in the banking system.

1933-03-09
Franklin D. Roosevelt launches the New Deal with the Emergency Banking Act

On March 9, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated the New Deal with the Emergency Banking Act, which aimed to stabilize the banking system by temporarily closing all U.S. banks to prevent further failures during the Great Depression.

1933-03-09
Emergency Banking Act

The Emergency Banking Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Roosevelt on the same day. It aimed to reopen sound banks under Treasury supervision, provide federal loans if needed, and stabilize the banking system.

1933-03-12
Reopening of most U.S. banks

Most U.S. banks successfully reopen after the extended bank holiday, marking a significant step in restoring public confidence in the banking system during the Great Depression.

1933-03-15
President Roosevelt's first informal news conference

President Roosevelt begins the first of his informal and informative presidential news conferences, providing a direct channel for the public to receive updates and insights during the Great Depression.

1933-03-20
Government Economy Act reduces government spending for New Deal financing

The Government Economy Act, enacted on March 20, 1933, aimed to reduce government spending to finance the New Deal initiatives, reflecting the government's efforts to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression.

1933-03-22
Beer-Wine Revenue Act ends Prohibition and introduces alcohol sales tax

On March 22, 1933, the Beer-Wine Revenue Act was passed, ending Prohibition and introducing taxes on alcohol sales to generate revenue for the government during the Great Depression.

1933-03-31
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) established to employ workers for public land maintenance

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was launched on March 31, 1933, as part of the New Deal to address unemployment by hiring 3 million workers for the maintenance of public lands, reflecting the government's efforts to stimulate the economy during the Great Depression.

1933-04-05
Executive Order 6102 Forbids Hoarding of Gold

President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues Executive Order 6102, forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, bullion, and certificates, as a measure to stabilize the economy during the Great Depression.

1933-04-19
FDR Abandoned Gold Standard

On April 19, 1933, FDR stopped a run on gold by abandoning the gold standard and ordered the exchange of private gold for dollars.

1933-05-11
Agricultural Adjustment Act

On May 11, 1933, the Agricultural Adjustment Act was enacted to pay farmers to limit crops, thus raising prices, as a measure to combat the agricultural crisis during the Great Depression.

1933-05-12
Passage of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Congress passes the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) to raise farm prices by encouraging farmers to reduce production, aiming to stabilize the agricultural sector during the Great Depression.

1933-05-17
Creation of Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created to bring economic development to the Southeast through the construction of numerous dams and hydropower plants, aiming to provide electricity and control flooding in the region.

1933-05-27
Enactment of the Securities Act of 1933

The Securities Act of 1933 is enacted, requiring the registration of all sales and purchases of financial securities, aiming to combat insider trading and reduce transaction risk during the Great Depression.

1933-06-05
Abrogation of Gold Payment Clause

On June 5, the government made the decision to no longer repay dollars with gold.

1933-06-13
Passing of Home Owners’ Refinancing Act

The Home Owners’ Refinancing Act was passed, creating the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) to provide loans to homeowners facing the loss of their homes because they cannot make payments, aiming to prevent foreclosures and stabilize the housing market.

1933-06-13
Home Owners' Loan Act

The Home Owners' Loan Act, enacted on June 13, established the Home Owners Loan Corporation to refinance mortgages and prevent foreclosures. It also provided additional capital to mortgage lenders, ultimately helping to refinance 1 million homes by 1936.

1933-06-14
National Recovery Administration

On June 14, 1933, the National Recovery Administration was established to outlaw child labor, establish a minimum wage, limit the workday to eight hours, and allow trade unions to bargain with employers during the Great Depression.

1933-06-15
Emergency Railroad Transportation Act

On June 15, 1933, the Emergency Railroad Transportation Act was enacted to coordinate the national railway systems during the Great Depression.

1933-06-16
First Hundred Days

Congress finishes the special session, an intensive period of lawmaking that becomes known as the First Hundred Days, marking a significant milestone in President Roosevelt's New Deal program.

1933-06-16
National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933

The National Industrial Recovery Act was enacted on June 16, 1933, aiming to stimulate economic recovery during the Great Depression by establishing codes of fair competition and regulating industry practices.

1933-09-01
Dr. Francis Townsend proposes Pension Plan

Dr. Francis Townsend proposes a state-funded pension plan for the elderly in a letter to the Long Beach Press-Telegram, suggesting it as a way to boost employment and consumption.

1933-11-08
Creation of Civil Works Administration

The Civil Works Administration was created, providing 4 million construction jobs to combat unemployment during the Great Depression. This initiative aimed to stimulate the economy and address the widespread unemployment crisis.

1933-11-09
Civil Works Administration (CWA)

President Roosevelt establishes the Civil Works Administration (CWA) to assist unemployed workers through the winter months, providing crucial relief during the Great Depression.

1933-12-05
Repeal of Prohibition at the National Level

Prohibition is repealed at the national level, marking the end of the era of alcohol prohibition in the United States and its impact on organized crime, employment, and state tax revenues.

1933-12-19
Unemployment at 24.9%

In 1933, unemployment averages 24.9% for the year, indicating the prolonged economic hardship experienced during the Great Depression.

1934-01-01
Dr. Francis Townsend proposes federally-funded pensions for the elderly

Dr. Francis Townsend, a retired dentist, advocates for the establishment of federally-funded pensions to support the elderly population, aiming to address the economic challenges faced by senior citizens during the Great Depression.

1934-01-30
Gold Reserve Act

The Gold Reserve Act was passed, prohibiting private ownership of gold and doubling its price, marking a significant shift in the regulation and value of gold during the Great Depression.

1934-01-31
Farm Mortgage Refinancing Act

Congress passes the Farm Mortgage Refinancing Act providing $2 billion on loans to refinance farm loans, aiming to alleviate the financial burden on farmers during the Great Depression.

1934-02-01
Share Our Wealth Society Founded

Huey Long founds the Share Our Wealth society, advocating outright seizure of the 'excess fortunes' of the rich to redistribute to the poor, as a response to the economic hardships faced during the Great Depression.

1934-04-15
Black Sunday Dust Storm

Black Sunday, the worst dust storm ever recorded, occurred during the Great Depression, prompting FDR to pass the Soil Conservation Act to address the environmental devastation and promote sustainable farming methods.

1934-06-06
Security Exchange Act

Congress passes the Security Exchange Act that prohibits certain activities in stock market trading, sets penalties, and establishes the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) to oversee stock market trading, aiming to restore confidence in the financial system during the Great Depression.

1934-06-18
Indian Reorganization Act

Congress passes the Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act) establishing the cornerstone of New Deal Indian Policy, aiming to reform the governance and economic conditions of Native American reservations during the Great Depression.

1934-06-19
Communications Act

Congress passes the Communications Act that creates the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to oversee the nation’s mass-communication industry, marking a significant development in the regulation of communication during the Great Depression.

1934-06-27
Securities and Exchange Commission regulated the stock market

The Securities and Exchange Commission was established to regulate the stock market and protect investors from fraudulent activities. This was a crucial step in restoring confidence in the financial system after the stock market crash of 1929.

1934-06-28
Passing of National Housing Act and Creation of FHA

On June 28, 1934, Congress passed the National Housing Act, which created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to assist homeowners in buying new houses and to stimulate the construction industry. This was the final piece of legislation passed under the First New Deal initiated in March 1933.

1934-07-22
John Dillinger is shot and killed by the FBI

John Dillinger, notorious bank robber and Public Enemy Number 1, is fatally shot by the FBI as he exits a movie theater in Chicago, marking a significant event in the pursuit of justice against organized crime during the Great Depression era.

1934-08-01
Longshoremen Strike

A West Coast longshoremen's strike, conducted with significant aid from the Communist Party, paralyzes shipping and trade in California, Oregon, and Washington. The strike ends with a victory for the longshoremen's union, marking a significant event during the Great Depression era.

1934-09-15
The Nuremberg Laws strip German Jews of citizenship and prohibit intermarriage with non-Jews

The Nuremberg Laws, enacted by the Nazi regime, deprive German Jews of their citizenship and impose severe restrictions on their rights, leading to widespread discrimination and persecution within the society.

1934-11-01
Upton Sinclair Defeated

Upton Sinclair is soundly defeated by conservative Republican Frank Merriam for governor of California after a two-month campaign marked by ferocious attacks on his EPIC movement.

1935-01-01
Townsend Support Grows

The Townsend Clubs, representing more than 2 million members, gain support from over 5,000 clubs nationwide. 25 million Americans have signed petitions to back the Townsend Plan in Washington.

1935
Second New Deal

The second phase of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, focusing on additional relief and reform measures during the Great Depression.

1935-02-01
Huey Long Support Grows

Huey Long's Share Our Wealth society expands to 27,000 clubs nationwide, with a mailing list of 7.5 million Americans, indicating a growing support for his movement.

1935-02-26
Soil Conservation & Domestic Allotment Act paid farmers to plant soil-building crops

The Soil Conservation & Domestic Allotment Act aimed to address soil erosion and promote sustainable farming practices by providing financial incentives for farmers to plant soil-building crops. This initiative was crucial for revitalizing the agricultural sector during the Great Depression.

1935-04-08
Passing of Emergency Relief Appropriation Act and Creation of WPA

On April 8, 1935, Congress passed the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, establishing the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and allocating nearly $5 billion for work relief projects, including the construction of various public facilities. This marked the beginning of the Second New Deal.

1935-04-27
Passing of Soil Conservation Act and Establishment of SCS

On April 27, 1935, Congress passed the Soil Conservation Act, which led to the establishment of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to aid farmers affected by drought and soil erosion during the Great Depression.

1935-04-30
Creation of Resettlement Administration (RA)

On April 30, 1935, President Roosevelt created the Resettlement Administration (RA) to assist poor farmers in improving the use of their lands or relocating to better lands. The agency also initiated a major photodocumentary project of the Depression.

1935-05-06
Works Progress Administration

On May 6, 1935, the Works Progress Administration was created, hiring millions of people to address the unemployment crisis, and undertaking various public works projects to stimulate the economy during the Great Depression.

1935-05-11
Establishment of Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

On May 11, 1935, President Roosevelt established the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) with the aim of providing inexpensive electricity to rural areas, significantly improving the quality of life for rural communities.

1935-05-20
Rural Electrification Act Implemented

The Rural Electrification Act is implemented to help farms generate electricity, bringing electricity to rural areas and improving the lives of farmers.

1935-05-27
Supreme Court rules National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional

On May 27, 1935, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional in the case of Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States. This decision had a significant impact on labor unions and became known as 'Black Monday.'

1935-06-10
Alcoholic Anonymous is organized in New York City

Alcoholic Anonymous, a support group for individuals struggling with alcohol addiction, is founded in New York City, providing a platform for mutual aid and sobriety maintenance during a time of social and economic turmoil.

1935-06-26
Establishment of National Youth Administration (NYA)

On June 26, 1935, President Roosevelt created the National Youth Administration (NYA) to provide part-time jobs to high school and college students as well as other unemployed youth, aiming to alleviate the impact of the Great Depression on the younger generation.

1935-07-01
Commencement of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

On July 1, 1935, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) began operation, playing a crucial role in stabilizing the banking system by insuring bank deposits, thus restoring public confidence in the financial sector during the Great Depression.

1935-07-05
The Wagner Act guarantees workers' right to bargain collectively

The Wagner Act, also known as the National Labor Relations Act, secures the rights of workers to engage in collective bargaining and protects their freedom to organize labor unions, marking a pivotal development in labor rights and industrial relations during the Great Depression.

1935-07-22
National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act

The National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, was enacted on July 22, 1935, to protect workers' rights and establish the National Labor Relations Board, ensuring fair labor practices and collective bargaining.

1935-08-02
Establishment of Federal One program

On August 2, 1935, the Federal One program was established as part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to provide employment opportunities for the unemployed in various fields such as music, theater, writing, and art, contributing to the cultural and artistic development during the Great Depression.

1935-08-14
President Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act

President Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law, establishing a system of social insurance to provide economic security for the elderly, unemployed, and disadvantaged individuals, representing a landmark initiative in the development of social welfare programs during the Great Depression.

1935-08-23
Passing of the Banking Act

Congress passed the Banking Act, which strengthened the Federal Reserve System.

1935-08-30
Passing of the Wealth Tax Act

The Wealth Tax Act was passed by Congress, creating higher tax rates for the wealthy and corporate and inheritance taxes.

1935-09-08
Huey Long Assassinated

Huey Long is assassinated inside the Louisiana Capitol Building, marking the end of his influential political career.

1935-10-18
Formation of the Committee for Industrial Organization

The Committee for Industrial Organization was formed with John L. Lewis, president of the United Mine Workers, as its head. It later became the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1938, and unlike the AFL, it did not limit membership to skilled workers.

1935-11-09
Establishment of the Committee of Industrial Organizations

Labor leader John L. Lewis establishes the Committee of Industrial Organizations to represent semi-skilled and unskilled laborers of the mass production industries.

1936-01-06
United States v. Butler ruling on the Agricultural Adjustment Act

The U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Butler rules the Agricultural Adjustment Act is unconstitutional.

1936-03-07
German Troops Occupy the Rhineland

In violation of the Versailles Treaty ending WWI, 4,000 German troops occupy the Rhineland, escalating tensions in Europe.

1936-06-16
Passing of the Flood Control Act

Congress passes the Flood Control Act in response to massive floods in Ohio and Mississippi.

1936-07-17
Civil War Erupts in Spain

Civil War erupts in Spain, ending the country's five-year experiment with democracy. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini provide arms to Gen. Francisco Franco, who defeats the Loyalists in 1939 and imposes a dictatorship.

1936-11-03
Roosevelt Reelected

Franklin D. Roosevelt is reelected to a second term as president in a landslide victory, winning all states except Maine and Vermont, indicating strong public support for his policies during the Great Depression.

1936-12-30
Sit-down strikes at General Motors plants

Sit-down strikes shutdown seven General Motors plants in Flint, Michigan. The company will give in to worker demands by February 11, 1937.

1937-02-05
Roosevelt's 'court packing plan' proposal

On February 5, 1937, Roosevelt introduces a proposal known as the “court packing plan” to reorganize the U.S. Supreme Court, which sparks substantial public opposition and political controversy.

1937-02-11
General Motors recognizes the United Automobile Workers after a 44-day occupation

General Motors acknowledges the United Automobile Workers union after a prolonged occupation of its factories, marking a significant victory for labor rights and collective bargaining.

1937-03-18
School fire in New London, Texas kills 294

A devastating school fire in New London, Texas claims the lives of 294 individuals, mostly children, leading to improved safety regulations and awareness in educational institutions.

1937-03-29
Supreme Court upholds minimum wage law for women

The Supreme Court's decision to uphold a minimum wage law for women sets a precedent for gender equality in labor rights and contributes to the advancement of fair working conditions.

1937-04-12
Supreme Court upholds National Labor Relations Act of 1935

The Supreme Court's affirmation of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 strengthens the legal framework for collective bargaining and the protection of workers' rights, shaping the labor landscape during the Great Depression.

1937-05-01
Neutrality Act prohibits export of arms and ammunition to belligerents

The Neutrality Act's prohibition on exporting arms and ammunition to belligerent nations aims to maintain the United States' neutrality and avoid entanglement in international conflicts, reflecting the global tensions leading to World War II.

1937-05-24
U.S. Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of the Social Security Act

On May 24, 1937, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of the Social Security Act, a pivotal decision that secures the future of social welfare programs in the United States.

1937-05-26
Resumption of the Depression

On May 26, 1937, the economy started contracting again, marking the resumption of the Great Depression.

1937-07-22
Passage of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act

On July 22, 1937, Congress passes the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act, providing low-interest loans to tenant farmers, farm laborers, and small landowners, offering crucial support to those affected by the Dust Bowl and agricultural challenges during the Great Depression.

1937-08-20
Establishment of the Bonneville Power Administration

On August 20, 1937, the Bonneville Power Act establishes the Bonneville Power Administration to market public power in the Pacific Northwest, playing a key role in the development of public utilities and infrastructure during the Great Depression.

1937-09-01
Creation of the Farm Security Administration

On September 1, 1937, Roosevelt creates the Farm Security Administration, absorbing the Resettlement Administration including the photography project, aiming to address rural poverty and provide assistance to farmers and agricultural workers during the Great Depression.

1937-09-03
Passing of the National Housing Act

The National Housing Act, also known as the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act, was passed by Congress, creating the U.S. Housing Authority to oversee the construction of low-cost housing.

1937-12-12
Japanese planes sink the U.S. gunboat Panay in Chinese waters

Japanese military aircraft attack and sink the U.S. gunboat Panay in Chinese waters, resulting in diplomatic tensions between the United States and Japan, and highlighting the escalating conflicts in East Asia.

1938-02-16
Passing of the New Agricultural Adjustment Act

Congress passes the new Agricultural Adjustment Act, providing new price supports for farmers and promoting conservation practices.

1938-06-24
Passing of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act

Congress passes the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act to regulate the safety and labeling of food, drugs, and cosmetics.

1938-06-25
Passing of the Fair Labor Standards Act

The Fair Labor Standards Act is passed, placing legal protections over child labor, minimum wages, and maximum hours. This act marks the conclusion of the Second New Deal.

1938-09-29
Munich Pact

To avert war, Britain and France give in to Hitler's claim to the Sudetenland, the German-populated part of Czechoslovakia. Critics denounce the agreement as 'appeasement.'

1938-10-30
The War of the Worlds Radio Broadcast

Orson Welles’ Mercury Theatre of the Air broadcasts a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells’ 1898 novel The War of the Worlds, causing widespread panic and mass hysteria across the United States.

1939-02-20
Nazi Rally in New York City

On February 20, 1939, the German-American Bund organized a large rally of fascist sympathizers at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The event, led by Fritz Kuhn, aimed to promote 'True Americanism' and included anti-Semitic rhetoric and criticism of President Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal.

1939-04-09
Marian Anderson sings at the Lincoln Memorial

Denied use of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution, contralto Marian Anderson sings at the Lincoln Memorial before 75,000 people, making a powerful statement against racial discrimination.

1939-04-14
Publication of The Grapes of Wrath

On April 14, 1939, John Steinbeck publishes his novel The Grapes of Wrath, depicting the hardships of the 1930s through a migrating family from Oklahoma.

1939-05-16
Start of the Food Stamp Program

The Food Stamp program begins, aiming to provide assistance to low-income families during the Great Depression.

1939-08-10
Social Security Act Amendments

Congress passes the Social Security Act Amendments, adding old age and survivors’ insurance benefits for dependents and survivors, expanding the social welfare system during the Great Depression.

1939-08-23
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact

Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact, agreeing to divide Poland. This event marks a significant shift in alliances and sets the stage for the outbreak of World War II.

1939-09-01
Germany's invasion of Poland

Germany invades Poland, triggering the start of World War II. This aggressive action by Germany leads to a global conflict that reshapes the course of history.

1941-07-09
President Roosevelt announces U.S. preparations for World War II

On July 9, 1941, President Roosevelt announced extensive preparations in case of U.S. entrance into World War II, signaling the country's readiness for potential involvement in the global conflict.

1941-12-07
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise military strike on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, leading to the United States' entry into World War II.

1942-01-16
Establishment of the War Production Board

On January 16, 1942, the War Production Board was established to direct war mobilization, playing a crucial role in coordinating the industrial efforts for the war.

1945-04-12
Death of Franklin Roosevelt

On April 12, 1945, Franklin Roosevelt suddenly died at 63 years of age from a cerebral hemorrhage, marking the end of his presidency and a significant loss for the nation.

1954-11-23
The Dow closed at 382.74

On November 23, 1954, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 382.74, surpassing the previous record set on September 3, 1929, reflecting the post-World War II economic growth and recovery.

1963
Publication of America’s Great Depression by Murray Rothbard

Murray Rothbard published his book America’s Great Depression in 1963, where he discusses the increase in money supply during the Roaring Twenties and the role of the Federal Reserve System in this.

End of the Timeline
Great Depression
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