Vilfredo Pareto was a versatile Italian scholar, known for his work in economics, sociology, and political science. He introduced Pareto efficiency and the Pareto principle, highlighting income inequality and elite social groups.

Amway, short for 'American Way', is a leading American multi-level marketing company offering health, beauty, and home care products. Founded in 1959, it operates globally with reported sales of $8.9 billion in 2019. Despite being the largest MLM company by revenue, Amway has faced legal issues and investigations for alleged pyramid scheme practices in various countries, including settlements and fines.

Saudi Vision 2030 is a government program by Saudi Arabia aiming for economic diversification. Despite efforts, the country remains heavily reliant on oil revenue.

The Australian gold rushes in 1851 attracted workers from various regions, transforming convict colonies into progressive cities with free immigrants. The discovery of gold led to economic growth and government initiatives to exploit mineral resources.

The Hanseatic League was a powerful confederation dominating maritime trade in the North and Baltic Seas. It consisted of nearly 200 settlements across eight countries, offering traders toll privileges and protection. The League used various ship types, with the cog being the most emblematic.

Etsy is an American e-commerce platform specializing in handmade, vintage items, and craft supplies. Sellers pay a fee to list items. As of 2022, Etsy had over 100 million items and connected millions of sellers with buyers. In 2023, Etsy had 2,420 employees and generated billions in revenue.

The 1998 Russian financial crisis was a severe economic crisis that resulted in the devaluation of the Russian ruble and the default on Russian government bonds.

The OECD, with 38 member countries, aims to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It provides a platform for policy comparison and coordination among developed nations, representing 1.38 billion people with high-income economies.

Mansa Musa's reign marked Mali's peak of power and wealth. He controlled trade routes for salt and gold, expanding the empire's territory and influence. Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 showcased his immense wealth, impacting economies along the way. He promoted Islamic scholarship and commissioned notable construction projects during his rule.

The Panic of 1819 was a significant financial crisis that impacted the American economy from 1819 to 1821. It was triggered by global market adjustments and exacerbated by excessive speculation in public lands and the issuance of paper money. The Second Bank of the United States played a role in the crisis by tightening loans, leading to widespread bankruptcies and unemployment. The Panic of 1819 also fueled popular resentment against banking and business practices, sparking political engagement among Americans.

Gazprom, a major Russian energy corporation, is involved in all aspects of the gas industry. It was the largest natural gas company globally until 2023, with significant reserves and production. Established in 1989, Gazprom has a complex history of privatization and government control.

Sejong the Great is known for inventing Hangul, reinforcing Confucian policies, and promoting advancements in science and technology. He also led military campaigns and implemented policies to stimulate economic growth.

Tulip mania was a speculative bubble in 17th-century Netherlands, with tulip bulb prices soaring before dramatically collapsing in 1637. Despite its impact, it did not significantly affect the Dutch Republic's economic prosperity.

The history of shale oil dates back to ancient times. Modern industrial use began in the mid-19th century. The US has a long history in shale oil production, predating the petroleum industry. In recent years, the US has become a major player in natural gas and oil production.

Friedrich August von Hayek, known as F. A. Hayek, was a Nobel Prize-winning economist and political philosopher. His ideas on economics and liberalism continue to influence thinkers today. He fought in World War I and held academic positions in various countries.

The Mexican Peso Crisis was a financial turmoil that occurred in Mexico in the mid-1990s, leading to a sharp devaluation of the Mexican Peso and causing economic instability.

The Miracle on the Han River refers to South Korea's transformation from a least developed to a developed country after the Korean War. The growth was driven by factors like successful events, rise of chaebols, and declines in child mortality.

John Maynard Keynes revolutionized macroeconomics, advocating for government intervention in economic recessions. His ideas laid the foundation for Keynesian economics and influenced global economic policies.

Adam Smith, known as 'The Father of Economics' and 'The Father of Capitalism', authored 'The Wealth of Nations' and 'The Theory of Moral Sentiments'. He introduced the concept of absolute advantage and division of labour, shaping modern economics.

Chung Ju-yung, the founder of Hyundai Groups, played a crucial role in South Korea's economy development. He led Hyundai Heavy Industries and Hyundai Motor Group to become global leaders in shipbuilding and automobile manufacturing.