Vietnam War

The Medal of Honor is the United States of America's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration. It is awarded for acts of valor above and beyond the call of duty.

In 1887, France imposed a colonial system over Vietnam, which included Tonkin, Annam, Cochin China, and Cambodia. This marked the beginning of French Indochina and the start of Vietnamese resistance against colonial rule.

Ngô Đình Diệm was a South Vietnamese politician who served as the President of South Vietnam from 1955 until his assassination in 1963. He played a significant role in the early stages of the Vietnam War.

Trần Văn Hương was a South Vietnamese politician who served as the penultimate President of the Republic of Vietnam from April 21 to April 28, 1975. He was a prominent figure during the final days of the Vietnam War.

The Distinguished Service Cross is the second highest military decoration of the United States Army. It is awarded for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy.

The Navy Cross is the second highest military decoration of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. It is awarded for extraordinary heroism in combat.

The Distinguished Flying Cross is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. It is awarded to aviators for heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight.

In 1930, the Indochinese Communist Party was formed, with Ho Chi Minh as one of its founders, marking a significant development in the political landscape of Vietnam.

The Silver Star is the United States Armed Forces's third-highest personal decoration for valor in combat. It is awarded for gallantry in action against an armed enemy.

Ho Chi Minh establishes the Viet Minh, also known as the League for the Independence of Vietnam, to fight for the independence of Vietnam from colonial rule.

The Air Medal is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. It is awarded for meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight.

The Commendation Medal is a mid-level United States military decoration presented for sustained acts of heroism or meritorious service.

The Bronze Star Medal is a United States decoration awarded to members of the United States Armed Forces for heroic or meritorious achievement or service.

The Golden Star Medal is the highest military decoration of North Vietnam. It was established in 1945 and awarded for acts of valor or meritorious service in the North Vietnamese military.

A biography highlighting the life of Ho Chi Minh, the President of North Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam an independent nation, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, after Japan surrenders to Allied forces. However, France reassumes colonial authority despite the declaration.

The Ho Chi Minh Order is a military decoration of North Vietnam that was established in 1947. It was awarded for outstanding contributions to the revolutionary cause by members of the North Vietnamese military.

The Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal is a military decoration of South Vietnam that was established in 1949. It was awarded for acts of valor or meritorious service while a member of the Vietnamese armed forces.

The Defeat American Aggression Badge was a military decoration of North Vietnam that was established in 1950. It was awarded to individuals and military units for their role in resisting American aggression during the Vietnam War.

The Vietnam Liberation Order is a military decoration of North Vietnam that was established in 1951. It was awarded for acts of heroism or meritorious service in the struggle for the liberation of Vietnam.

The Resolution for Victory Order is a military decoration of North Vietnam that was established in 1952. It was awarded for outstanding leadership or contributions to the victory of the North Vietnamese military.

The National Defense Service Medal is a United States military decoration awarded to members of the U.S. military for honorable active service during specified time periods of national emergency.

Dương Văn Minh, also known as Big Minh, was a South Vietnamese politician and a senior general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. He briefly served as the President of South Vietnam in 1963 and again in 1975.

The Battle of Dien Bien Phu, commencing on March 13, 1954, was a pivotal confrontation in the First Indochina War, resulting in the decisive victory of the Viet Minh forces over the French, leading to the end of French colonial rule in Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh forces defeat the French, effectively ending the 7 ½-year Indochina War.

The United States launches a secret psychological warfare and paramilitary operation in South Vietnam, targeting opponents of Ngo Dinh Diem, marking the beginning of the Vietnam War.

Parties agreed on the partition line at the 17th parallel and set the date for reunification elections in July 1956.

France signed the Geneva Accord, a cease-fire agreement that resulted in the peaceful withdrawal of French troops from Southeast Asia and the temporary division of Vietnam between North and South at the 17th parallel.

Ngo Dinh Diem gradually increased his sphere of power in South Vietnam, supported by the United States, replacing Emperor Bao Dai.

A prolonged conflict between the communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union, and the non-communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States. It had significant political, social, and economic consequences.

The Geneva Conference took place from April 26 to July 20, 1954, and resulted in the Geneva Accords, which temporarily separated Vietnam into North and South Vietnam.

The Vietnam War officially began on July 8, 1955, with the United States supporting the anti-communist government of South Vietnam against the communist forces of North Vietnam.

On October 26, South Vietnam declares itself the Republic of Vietnam with Saigon as its capital and Ngo Dinh Diem elected as president in manipulated elections. Diem disputes the Geneva Accords and cancels the 1956 elections.

The Vietnam War began on 1 November 1955 and lasted until the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was a Cold War-era proxy war fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam, with support from various international allies.

The Vietnam War began on November 1, 1955, and lasted for several years, involving the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States.

In 1956, the U.S. military initiates the training of South Vietnamese forces, marking the beginning of significant American involvement in the Vietnam War.

An election scheduled in 1956 to reunite Vietnam under a democratically elected leader was never held as South Vietnam, backed by the United States, refused to participate in fear of Ho Chi Minh winning.

The Vietnam War officially began on January 1, 1958, with the U.S. involvement aimed at preventing communist control in South Vietnam.

In 1959, a specialized North Vietnamese Army unit called Group 559 was formed to establish a supply route from North Vietnam to Vietcong forces in South Vietnam. With the approval of Prince Sihanouk of Cambodia, Group 559 developed a primitive route along the Vietnamese/Cambodian border, which eventually became known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

North Vietnam invaded Laos in July 1959, aided by the Pathet Lao, to establish supply routes for supporting the Việt Cộng in South Vietnam.

The Air Force Cross is the second highest military decoration of the United States Air Force. It is awarded for extraordinary heroism in combat.

Le Duan replaces Ho Chi Minh as First Secretary of the Vietnamese Communist Party in Hanoi.

North Vietnam created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam as a political branch of the Việt Cộng to encourage non-Communist participation.

On December 20, 1960, the National Liberation Front (NLF), also known as the Viet Cong, was established in South Vietnam. The Viet Cong were communist rebels who engaged in guerrilla warfare tactics against the American Army in South Vietnam.

President John F. Kennedy addressed Congress on 25 May 1961, emphasizing the importance of strengthening U.S. special operations forces and expanding capabilities in unconventional warfare, which eventually led to the formal establishment of the Navy SEALs.

Operation Ranch Hand is initiated to clear vegetation alongside highways in Vietnam to hinder the Vietcong's ability to conceal themselves for ambushes. The operation later expands to include the spraying of Agent Orange, a herbicide containing the deadly chemical Dioxin, on vast forested areas.

President John F. Kennedy orders more help for the South Vietnamese government in its war against the Vietcong guerrillas, including new equipment and over 3,000 military advisors and support personnel.

In Operation Chopper, helicopters flown by U.S. Army pilots ferry 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers to sweep a NLF stronghold near Saigon, marking America's first combat missions against the Vietcong.

On February 14, 1962, President Kennedy declared that U.S. advisers in Vietnam would defend themselves.

Operation Sunrise occurred from March 22 to April 30, 1962, and was unsuccessful, leading to increased support for the Viet Cong.

On December 2, 1962, after a trip to Saigon to observe the outcome of U.S. aid, Kennedy received feedback from the Senate leader about the wasted $2 billion.

The Vietcong 514th Battalion and local guerrilla forces ambush the South Vietnamese Army's 7th division at the hamlet of Ap Bac, marking the first time the Vietcong successfully stand their ground against American machinery and South Vietnamese soldiers. The victory at Ap Bac boosts Vietcong morale and drives recruitment.

The Battle of Ap Bac on January 2, 1963, was a significant early confrontation in the Vietnam War, where Viet Cong forces defeated South Vietnamese and American troops, highlighting the challenges faced by the US in the conflict.

The Battle of Go Cong took place on September 3, 1963. It was a notable engagement in the Mekong Delta region, where South Vietnamese forces repelled a Viet Cong attack, showcasing the strategic importance of the area.

South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is executed during a coup, twenty days before President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in the United States.

The Vietnam Civil Actions Medal is a military decoration of South Vietnam that was established in 1964. It was awarded to military personnel, as well as civilians working with the military, for meritorious service or acts of heroism.

In 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin incident led to increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, marking a significant escalation of American military presence in Southeast Asia.

On January 30, 1964, a coup took place in Saigon.

The Battle of Long Dinh took place on February 28, 1964. It was a crucial engagement in the ongoing conflict, where South Vietnamese forces repelled a Viet Cong attack, contributing to the overall strategic defense efforts.

The Battle of Kien Long occurred from April 11 to 15, 1964. It was a significant battle in the Mekong Delta, where South Vietnamese forces successfully defended against a Viet Cong assault, demonstrating the resilience of the allied forces.

Operation Quyet Thang 202 took place from April 27 to May 27, 1964, resulting in a South Vietnamese victory.

In June 1964, J. Blair Seaborn, the Canadian commissioner to the ICC, delivered a message from President Lyndon Johnson to Hanoi offering economic aid and diplomatic recognition in exchange for North Vietnam ceasing to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.

South Vietnamese commandos launch an attack on two small North Vietnamese islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. The U.S. destroyer Maddox is also involved in electronic simulation of an air attack to support the commandos.

In August 1964, the Tonkin Resolution was passed, giving the U.S. government the authority to escalate its involvement in the Vietnam War.

On August 2, 1964, three North Vietnamese boats allegedly fired torpedoes at the U.S.S. Maddox, a destroyer located in the international waters of the Tonkin Gulf.

On the night of 3 August 1964, the LDNN conducted raids against North Vietnamese targets using Nasty class fast patrol boats.

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred on 4 August 1964, where North Vietnamese gunboats attacked the USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy, leading to increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict.

American commanders report that North Vietnamese torpedo boats have attacked the U.S. destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy in the Gulf of Tonkin, leading to the approval of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

On August 7, 1964, Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Lyndon Johnson to 'take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.'

On August 7, 1964, the U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting President Johnson the authority to escalate military involvement in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war.

On 30 October 1964, a bombing at a U.S. Air Base in Vietnam resulted in the death of five servicemen, prompting President Lyndon Johnson to order retaliatory strikes.

On November 1, 1964, two days before the U.S. presidential election, Vietcong forces shell Bien Hoa Air Base near Saigon, resulting in the deaths of four Americans, 76 wounded individuals, and destruction of five B-57 bombers with 15 others damaged.

The Battle of An Lão occurred from December 7 to 9, 1964. It was a significant battle in the Binh Dinh Province, where South Vietnamese forces successfully defended against a Viet Cong offensive, showcasing their determination and resilience.

The Battle of Binh Gia took place from December 28, 1964, to January 1, 1965. It was a significant battle during the Vietnam War.

The Presidential Unit Citation is a United States military award presented to units of the U.S. military for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy.

Starting in 1965, SEAL platoons began combat rotations into the Rung Sat Special Zone, a Viet Cong-infested mangrove swamp. They conducted direct-action operations against the Viet Cong in the region.

Starting on February 15, 1965, the US initiated bombing campaigns in Vietnam, eventually leading to a substantial presence of 400,000 US troops in the country by 1966.

Operation Rolling Thunder is initiated on March 2, 1965, by President Johnson as a strategic bombing campaign in North Vietnam to weaken Vietcong support. The operation lasts for over three years, resulting in significant casualties and damage.

On March 8, 1965, the first U.S. combat troops arrived in Vietnam, marking a significant escalation of American involvement in the conflict.

On March 8, 1965, two battalions of U.S. Marines landed on the beaches of Da Nang, marking the first official engagement of American troops in the Vietnam War.

On 8–9 April 1965, Hồ Chi Minh made a secret visit to Beijing to meet Mao Zedong, where it was agreed that China would send support troops to North Vietnam in case of a US invasion.

The Battle of Sông Bé occurred from May 10 to 15, 1965. It was a crucial engagement in the early stages of the Vietnam War.

Anti-war faculty members and the SDS organize a teach-in to protest U.S. involvement in Vietnam, with approximately 3,000 attendees.

The Battle of Đồng Xoài took place on June 10, 1965. It was a significant conflict during the Vietnam War.

Operation Starlite occurred from August 18 to 24, 1965, with both sides claiming victory.

On August 31, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed a new law imposing up to 5 years in prison and a $1000 fine for burning draft cards, as a response to anti-war protests during the Vietnam War.

A military operation conducted by the U.S and South Vietnamese forces in September 1965.

In November 1965, Lt. Col. Hal Moore led the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry in a fierce battle against 2,000 North Vietnamese soldiers in the Ia Drang Valley, one of the most significant battles of the Vietnam War.

A successful military operation involving the U.S, Australian, and New Zealand forces in November 1965.

The Battle of Ia Drang occurred from November 14 to 18, 1965. It was a pivotal battle that marked the first major engagement between the United States Army and the People's Army of Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

A victorious military operation carried out by the U.S and South Vietnamese forces in December 1965.

A successful military operation led by the U.S, Australian, and New Zealand forces in January 1966.

The Vietnam War escalated in 1966 with increased American military involvement in the conflict. This escalation marked a turning point in the war and had significant political and social consequences.

A military operation resulting in victory for the U.S, Australian, and New Zealand forces in January 1966.

A successful military operation with the U.S and South Korean forces achieving victory from January to February 1966.

A military operation conducted by the U.S, South Vietnamese, and South Korean forces from January to March 1966, with a high number of reported civilian casualties.

The Battle of Bong Son took place from January 28 to February 12, 1966. It was a significant military operation during the Vietnam War.

In February 1966, Senator Kennedy publicly disagreed with President Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War. He proposed involving all sides, including the Viet Cong, in the political process of South Vietnam.

Operation Mastiff took place from February 21 to 25, 1966. It resulted in an inconclusive outcome and a failure to engage North Vietnamese forces.

A Program for the Pacification and Long-Term Development of Vietnam (PROVN) study is published, recommending more U.S. effort be directed at ensuring the security of South Vietnam’s rural population.

In March 1966, Canadian diplomat Chester Ronning arrived in Hanoi with an offer to start peace talks, but the mission failed due to North Vietnamese demands for an unconditional halt to the bombing, which the US refused.

The Battle of A Shau occurred on March 9 and 10, 1966. It was a crucial battle during the Vietnam War, known for its strategic importance.

The Battle of Xa Cam My took place on April 11 and 12, 1966. It was a significant military engagement during the Vietnam War.

On May 16, 1966, Operation Crazy Horse resulted in a claimed victory by U.S-ARVN-South Korean allies.

In June 1966, Janusz Lewandowski conveyed an offer from Hồ Chi Minh for a political compromise, including allowing South Vietnam to maintain its alliance with the US and a reasonable calendar for the withdrawal of American troops, but talks ultimately collapsed over the bombing issue.

The Battle of Minh Thanh Road occurred on July 9, 1966. It was an important battle during the Vietnam War, contributing to the overall conflict.

Operation Hastings took place from July 15 to August 3, 1966, and ended in a U.S-ARVN victory.

The Battle of Đức Cơ took place on August 9, 1966. It was a significant military confrontation during the Vietnam War.

The Battle of Long Tan occurred on August 18, 1966. It was a crucial battle between Australian forces and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

On September 13, 1966, Operation Thayer ended in an Allied victory.

Chief Petty Officer James E. Williams was a highly decorated sailor in the U.S. Navy who received the Medal of Honor for his leadership and bravery during the Vietnam War, where he led a daring river patrol that resulted in the capture of numerous enemy vessels.

The Viet Cong launched an attack on the Tan Son Nhut Air Base in Vietnam on December 4, 1966.

The Battle of LZ Bird took place on December 27, 1966, during the Vietnam War.

The PRUs were established in 1967 in South Vietnam and operated in 14 out of 16 provinces in IV Corps. Along with their American advisers, they were responsible for killing over 20,000 Viet Cong and NVA members and capturing thousands of prisoners, as confirmed by postwar North Vietnamese records.

The PRUs were a CIA-sponsored effort that later became part of the secret Phoenix Program. They drew their fighters from Vietnamese rural villages and the Nung tribesmen of Chinese origin. The PRUs, along with American advisers, were highly successful in killing Viet Cong and NVA forces during the Vietnam War.

Operation Deckhouse Five, which took place on January 6, 1967, resulted in a U.S. failure.

Operation Cedar Falls occurred on January 8, 1967, and ended inconclusively as the VC/NVA defended the Iron Triangle.

The Battle of Tra Binh Dong occurred on February 14–15, 1967, as part of the Vietnam War.

The Battle of Ap My An took place on February 17, 1967, during the Vietnam War.

On February 21, 1967, Operation Junction City resulted in a minor allied Pyrrhic victory with heavy VC/NVA casualties.

The Battle of Con Thien lasted from February 27, 1967, to February 28, 1969, and was a significant event in the Vietnam War.

Operation Francis Marion took place from April 6 to October 11, 1967. It resulted in a minor allied Pyrrhic victory with heavy VC/NVA casualties.

Around 400,000 individuals participate in a march to the United Nations building, where they listen to speeches by Martin Luther King and Dr. Benjamin Spock on April 15, 1967.

Operation Baker occurred on April 17, 1967, resulting in a U.S. victory.

Operation Union took place from April 21 to May 16, 1967, resulting in a U.S. victory.

The Battle of Hills 881 and 861 occurred from April 24 to May 9, 1967, during the Vietnam War.

Operations Malheur I and Malheur II occurred from May 11 to July 1, 1967, resulting in a U.S. operational victory.

In July 1967, Hồ Chí Minh and the Politburo of the Communist Party acknowledged that the Vietnam War had reached a stalemate due to the American military presence. This led to the decision to plan a massive offensive to reunify Vietnam.

The Battle of Ong Thanh took place on October 17, 1967, during the Vietnam War.

Norman Mailer takes part in a march to the Pentagon on October 21-22, 1967, later chronicling the events in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book 'Armies of the Night'.

The First Battle of Loc Ninh occurred from October 29 to November in 1967, as part of the Vietnam War.

The Battle of Dak To took place from November 3 to 22, 1967, during the Vietnam War.

The Secretary of Defense resigns on November 29, 1967.

The Battle of Tam Quan occurred from December 6 to 20, 1967, during the Vietnam War.

Martin Luther King publicly expresses his opposition to the Vietnam War, diverging from the President's stance, on December 31, 1967.

The Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation is a military award of South Vietnam that was presented to units of the United States military for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy.

The Tet Offensive in 1968 was a major campaign launched by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces against South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War. It was a turning point in the conflict, leading to increased anti-war sentiment in the U.S. and a shift in strategy for the American military.

Master Sergeant Roy Benavidez was a highly decorated war hero who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War, where he saved the lives of eight fellow soldiers during a fierce battle despite being seriously wounded.

A significant battle during the Vietnam War that lasted for over two months.

An intense battle that took place in the city of Biên Hòa during the Vietnam War.

A major campaign launched by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War.

The Vietcong launch the Tet Offensive, a significant military campaign during the Vietnam War, targeting multiple locations in South Vietnam.

A major battle that took place in the city of Huế during the Vietnam War, resulting in heavy casualties.

On 31 January 1968, the Việt Cộng launched a massive offensive in South Vietnam as part of the Tet Offensive, aiming to deal a significant blow to the American military. The offensive resulted in heavy casualties and shocked the world.

General William C. Westmoreland orders the movement of nuclear weapons to South Vietnam during the Battle of Khe Sanh in the Vietnam War, but is overruled by Walt W. Rostow and President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Sergeant Alfredo Gonzalez was a U.S. Marine who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his bravery and selflessness in sacrificing his life to save his fellow Marines during the Vietnam War.

CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite tells viewers that the Vietnam War is likely to end in a stalemate, reflecting a shift in public perception about the war.

On February 27, 1968, Walter Cronkite, a prominent American journalist, called for negotiations to end the Vietnam War. This statement by Cronkite had a significant impact on public opinion and the government's approach to the conflict.

Between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians were killed by U.S. soldiers in the Vietnamese village of My Lai. This atrocity, known as the My Lai massacre, sparked widespread public outrage and further intensified the anti-war sentiment in the United States.

A tragic event during the Vietnam War where American soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai. The massacre shocked the world and raised questions about the conduct of US troops in the conflict.

SEAL team members move in on their target, an enemy bunker complex on Tan Dinh Island during Operation Bold Dragon III in Vietnam in 1968.

A battle that occurred in the Kham Duc region during the Vietnam War.

A series of battles that took place in the Coral–Balmoral area during the Vietnam War.

Operation Pegasus took place on August 8, 1968.

In January 1969, a promising young lieutenant colonel from the US Army embarked on his second tour of duty in Vietnam, which would become his most daring and legendary.

Operation Phoenix was a military operation conducted by the United States during the Vietnam War. It aimed to identify and eliminate Viet Cong members in South Vietnam. The operation was controversial due to allegations of human rights abuses and civilian casualties.

Operation Dewey Canyon occurred on January 22, 1969.

On March 17, 1969, the United States initiated bombing raids on Communist sanctuaries in Cambodia.

A fierce battle that took place on Hill 937, also known as Hamburger Hill, during the Vietnam War.

A significant battle that occurred in the village of Binh Ba during the Vietnam War.

Starting on July 25, 1969, the policy of 'Vietnamization' commenced with the withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam and the transfer of combat responsibilities to the South Vietnamese forces.

The passing of North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh has significant implications for the Vietnam War and the Sino-Soviet border conflict.

On September 3, 1969, the Communist revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh passed away at the age of 79.

The trial of the Chicago 7 begins, with charges related to the rioting at the 1968 Chicago convention. The defendants use the trial as a platform to criticize the Vietnam War.

Two million people participate in a Peace Moratorium to protest against the Vietnam War, reflecting the growing anti-war sentiment in the United States.

Ho Chi Minh, a key figure in the Vietnamese struggle for independence, passes away on November 3.

The American public is informed about the Mai Lai massacre, which intensifies opposition to the Vietnam War. Lieutenant William Calley, the leader of the attack, has already been charged with murder by the Army.

Millions of people across the United States take to the streets to protest the continued U.S. involvement in Vietnam, representing the largest public protests in U.S. history to date.

On November 15, 1969, growing opposition to the Vietnam War culminated in the largest antiwar demonstration in U.S. history, with as many as half a million people attending a protest in Washington, D.C., in addition to smaller protests around the country.

The Kent State Shootings occurred in 1970, where Ohio National Guard troops fired on unarmed students protesting the Vietnam War, resulting in casualties.

The Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord took place from March 12 to July 23, 1970. It was a significant engagement during the Vietnam War, involving intense fighting between U.S. forces and North Vietnamese troops.

The Cambodian Campaign occurred from April 29 to July 22, 1970. It was a military operation launched by the United States and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War to disrupt North Vietnamese supply lines and base areas in Cambodia.

On April 30, 1970, President Nixon announces that U.S. troops will attack enemy locations in Cambodia, leading to nationwide protests, especially on college campuses.

President Nixon's invasion of Cambodia on April 30, 1970, sparked further protests against the Vietnam War, leading to increased antiwar sentiments among the hippie movement.

Members of the Ohio National Guard open fire on unarmed student protesters at Kent State University, leading to the death of four students and catalyzing the growing antiwar movement.

The Kent State Shootings occurred on May 4, 1970, involving the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard during a Vietnam War protest.

Operation Ivory Coast took place on November 21, 1970. It was a daring rescue mission by U.S. Special Forces to free American prisoners of war held at the Son Tay prison camp in North Vietnam.

The last SEAL platoon departed Vietnam in 1971 after conducting various missions including counter guerilla warfare and clandestine maritime operations. The SEALs were highly effective during the Vietnam War.

A publication from 1971 discussing the relations between Beijing and Hanoi in the year 1970.

The Battle of Snuol took place from January 5 to May 30, 1971. It was a significant conflict during the Vietnam War, involving heavy fighting between the Cambodian government forces and North Vietnamese troops.

Operation Lam Son 719 occurred on February 8, 1971. It was a large-scale offensive launched by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos, supported by U.S. forces.

The Battle of Long Khánh occurred on June 6–7, 1971. It was a major battle during the Vietnam War, where Australian and New Zealand forces engaged North Vietnamese troops in a fierce combat.

The New York Times publishes portions of the Pentagon Papers, revealing the Johnson Administration's expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia and Laos through bombing campaigns without public awareness.

On June 13, 1971, The New York Times begins publishing the Pentagon Papers, revealing the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam War.

The Easter Offensive of 1972 was a major military campaign by North Vietnamese forces against South Vietnam, marking a significant escalation in the Vietnam War and testing the resilience of both sides.

The Easter Offensive took place from March 30 to October 22, 1972. It was a large-scale military operation by the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong, aiming to capture territory and force the reunification of North and South Vietnam.

The Battle of Loc Ninh took place from April 4 to 7, 1972. It was a crucial engagement during the Easter Offensive, involving heavy fighting between North Vietnamese forces and South Vietnamese and American troops.

The Battle of An Lộc occurred from April 20 to July 20, 1972. It was a significant battle during the Easter Offensive, where South Vietnamese forces successfully defended the town of An Lộc against a major North Vietnamese assault.

The Second Battle of Quảng Trị took place from June 28 to September 16, 1972. It was a crucial engagement during the Easter Offensive, where North Vietnamese forces launched a renewed offensive to capture the city of Quảng Trị.

On November 4, 1972, Henry Kissinger agreed to an interview with Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci, which turned out to be a political and public relations disaster for him due to his candid remarks on the Vietnam War and controversial comparisons, showcasing his strained relationship with the media.

Richard Nixon announces the beginning of a massive bombing campaign in North Vietnam.

Through the Valley recounts the story of the last U.S. Army soldier captured during the Vietnam War, highlighting themes of courage, hope, and survival amidst the challenges of combat and captivity.

The Paris Peace Accords end American involvement in the Vietnam War, leading to Congress cutting off funds for the continued bombing of Indochina.

The Paris Peace Accords are signed, signifying the end of the Vietnam War.

Operation Homecoming was the repatriation of American prisoners of war held by North Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War.

The Paris Peace Accords were signed, establishing a temporary cease-fire between North and South Vietnam.

A battle that took place on October 3, 1973.

A battle that occurred from October 30 to December 10, 1973.

A battle that lasted from February 12 to May 4, 1974.

A battle that took place from March 27 to May 2, 1974.

A battle that occurred from May 16 to November 11, 1974.

The Battle of Trung Nghia occurred from June 8 to September 16, 1974. It was a significant battle during the later stages of the Vietnam War, involving heavy fighting between North Vietnamese forces and South Vietnamese troops.

A battle that lasted from August 28 to December 10, 1974.

A battle that took place from December 13, 1974, to January 6, 1975.

The Vietnam War officially ended with the fall of Saigon and the unification of North and South Vietnam under communist rule.

The Vietnam War officially ended in 1975 with the fall of Saigon and the reunification of North and South Vietnam.

The Ho Chi Minh Campaign took place from January 24 to April 30, 1975. It was the final major offensive of the Vietnam War, led by the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong, resulting in the fall of Saigon and the reunification of Vietnam.

A battle that occurred from March 10 to 12, 1975.

Operation Babylift was the mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other countries at the end of the Vietnam War.

A battle that lasted from April 9 to 20, 1975.

Operation Eagle Pull was the evacuation of American civilians and at-risk Vietnamese from Phnom Penh, Cambodia, during the final days of the Vietnam War.

On April 15, 1975, Henry Kissinger testified before the Senate Appropriations Committee, urging Congress to increase the military aid budget to South Vietnam by another $700 million to save the ARVN from the advancing PAVN forces, a request that was ultimately denied.

National Guard troops shot at students, resulting in nine injuries and four fatalities.

Operation Frequent Wind was the evacuation of American civilians and at-risk Vietnamese from Saigon, South Vietnam, during the final days of the Vietnam War.

North Vietnam launched a massive assault on South Vietnam, leading to the surrender of South Vietnam to communist forces on April 30, 1975, officially ending the Vietnam War.

On April 30, 1975, Saigon fell to communist forces, leading to the evacuation of the last Americans from South Vietnam and the renaming of the city to Ho Chi Minh City.

After the Vietnam War, Vietnam is unified under Communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The new government imprisons as many as a million people without trial for supporting the previous regime.

In July 1976, Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) protesters marched in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to demonstrate against the Vietnam War.

In 1977, a book titled 'A Rumor of War' was published, likely recounting rumors, experiences, or perspectives related to the Vietnam War.

Guenter Lewy's book America in Vietnam was published in 1978, providing insights into the American involvement in the Vietnam War.

A collaborative publication from 1978 compiling information on Australia's defense resources.

On December 25, 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia with the aim of removing the Khmer Rouge from power. Initially seen as liberators by survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime, the Vietnamese were later perceived as occupiers.

George C. Herring's 'America's Longest War' was published in 1979, offering a detailed account of the United States' involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1975.

Michael Maclear's book Vietnam, The Ten Thousand Day War was published in 1981, offering a detailed account of the Vietnam War spanning over ten thousand days.

A publication from 1981 focusing on Australia's strategy and diplomacy during its involvement in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953.

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C. to honor the members of the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War.

Stanley Karnow's book Vietnam, A History was published in 1983, providing a comprehensive account of the Vietnam War and its historical context.

The Big V is a novel written by William Pelfrey in 1984.

In 1984, there was a significant event involving the conversion of the Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs). This transformation marked a shift in the structure and focus of the UDTs, potentially impacting their operational capabilities and missions.

Paco's Story is a novel written by Larry Heinemann in 1986.

In 1987, a book titled 'Vietnam: Order of Battle' was published, likely discussing the military organization and structure during the Vietnam War.

In 1988, an edited work by James S. Olson titled 'Dictionary of the Vietnam War' was published in New York by Greenwood Press, Inc. It serves as a comprehensive reference for the Vietnam War.

In 1989, David H. Hackworth, a highly decorated soldier and military writer, published 'About Face,' a memoir detailing his experiences in the Vietnam War and his critical views on the U.S. military's leadership and strategy during the conflict.

Vietnamese troops stayed in Cambodia until 1989, with armed clashes between Vietnamese and Cambodians occurring throughout the 1980s.

The novel 'The Things They Carried' by Tim O'Brien was published in 1990.

Joseph T. Ward's book, Dear Mom: a Sniper's Vietnam, was published in 1991 and offers insights into the Vietnam War from a sniper's perspective.

In 1992, a book titled 'We Were Soldiers Once ... And Young' was published, likely recounting the experiences of soldiers during the Vietnam War.

Gabriel Kolko's book Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience was published in 1994, examining the Vietnam War and its impact on the modern historical experience.

President Clinton ends the nineteen-year old trade embargo against Vietnam, citing Vietnam's efforts to locate 2,238 missing Americans from the Vietnam War.

The book 'Vietnam and America: The Most Comprehensive Documented History of the Vietnam War' was published in 1995, offering a detailed account of the Vietnam War.

Under President Bill Clinton, the U.S. normalizes relations with Vietnam, marking a significant diplomatic milestone.

The book 'In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam' by Robert S. McNamara reflects on the tragic events and the lessons learned from the Vietnam War.

The United States and Vietnam exchange ambassadors for the first time since the war, beginning a new era of cooperation between the two nations.

In 1998, John L. Plaster authored 'SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam'. This book may provide insights into the clandestine operations conducted by American commandos in Vietnam.

In 1999, John Prados wrote 'Valley of Decision: The Siege of Khe Sanh', which probably explores the pivotal and intense battle that occurred at Khe Sanh during the Vietnam War.

John Prados authored 'The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War' in 2000. This book likely delves into the significance and impact of the Ho Chi Minh Trail during the Vietnam War.

Robert Mann's 'A Grand Delusion: America's Descent into Vietnam' was released in 2001, examining America's gradual involvement in the Vietnam War and the misconceptions surrounding it.

A book titled 'Ho Chi Minh: A Life' was published in 2002, likely discussing the life and impact of Ho Chi Minh, a key figure in the Vietnam War.

The book 'Ripcord : Screaming Eagles Under Siege, Vietnam 1970' by Keith W. Nolan depicts the harrowing experiences of the 101st Airborne Division during the siege at Ripcord in Vietnam in 1970.

Gareth Porter's book 'Perils Of Dominance: Imbalance Of Power And The Road To War In Vietnam' was published in June 2005. It discusses the power dynamics and the path to the Vietnam War.

Mark Moyar's 'Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965' was published in 2006, offering a critical analysis of the Vietnam War from 1954 to 1965.

Tree of Smoke is a novel written by Denis Johnson in 2007.

Ray L. Burdeos' book sheds light on the involvement of Filipinos in the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard during the Vietnam War.

Matterhorn is a novel written by Karl Marlantes in 2010.

Brenda Boyle and Jeehyun Lim edited a book titled 'Looking Back on the Vietnam War: Twenty-First-Century Perspectives' in 2016, offering modern viewpoints on the Vietnam War.