The Luddites were English textile workers who opposed machinery, protesting against manufacturers for replacing skilled labor and driving down wages. The movement spread from Nottingham to Yorkshire between 1811 and 1816, and was suppressed by legal and military actions.
In 1675, Spitalfields narrow weavers destroyed 'engines,' power machines that could each do the work of several people.
In 1710, a London hosier employing too many apprentices in violation of the Framework Knitters Charter had his machines broken by angry stockingers.
In 1727, parliamentary action was taken to make the destruction of machines a capital felony, but it did little to stop the activity of machine wrecking.
In 1779, English textile workers in Manchester rebelled against the introduction of machinery that endangered their skilled craft. This event marked the beginning of the Luddite riots.
The Protection of Stocking Frames Act was passed by the government in 1788 to increase penalties for destroying factory equipment. However, it did not effectively deter Luddite activity.
On 11th March 1811, the first major Luddite riot occurred in Arnold, Nottingham. This event marked the beginning of a series of riots across the country where weavers destroyed factory equipment.
In early 1812, the Luddite movement expanded its operations to the West Riding of Yorkshire, focusing on destroying machinery that posed a threat to local industrial interests.
In April 1812, some Luddites were shot at a mill near Huddersfield, Yorkshire. The army took offensive actions against the Luddites, leading to their capture and punishment.
In May 1812, the Luddites protested against the introduction of machinery in the textile industry by destroying machinery and engaging in acts of violence. They believed that the machines would take away their jobs and livelihoods.
In January 1813, George Mellor and other Luddites were executed. Despite this, a few threatening letters were sent to public officials.
By March 1813, the Luddite movement had reached Lancashire, targeting specific types of machinery that were deemed harmful to the industrial interests of the region.
In 1816, rioting occurred as a result of the economic depression following the Napoleonic Wars, leading to further challenges for the Luddite movement.
In 1817, the Pentrich Rising, led by an unemployed stockinger named Jeremiah Brandreth, marked the last recorded Luddite activity. This event was a notable resistance against the circumstances of the Industrial Revolution.
The Home Office Papers were examined for their portrayal of Luddism in this important work.
F. Darvall's work 'Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England' published by Oxford University Press in 1934 sheds light on the social dynamics of that era.
E. J. Hobsbawm's article 'The Machine Breakers' published in Past & Present in 1952 delves into the historical context of machine-breaking incidents.
E. P. Thompson's influential study explores the connection between Luddism and other contemporary Radical and labor movements.
E. P. Thompson's book 'The Making of the English Working Class' delves into the social history of the working class in England, including aspects related to the Luddite movement.
Malcolm Thomis's significant study was the first comprehensive analysis dedicated solely to the Luddites.
Starting in 1978, Ted Kaczynski, known as the Unabomber, carried out a series of mail bomb attacks targeting the 'industrial-technological system' as a form of anti-technology extremism.
In 1984, novelist Thomas Pynchon questioned the acceptance of being a Luddite, someone who opposes technological advancements, at the beginning of the personal computer era.
John Rule's book includes a chapter that reviews the different scholarly perspectives on Luddism.
Adrian Randall's book published in 1991 explores the philosophy of Luddism in its early stages and compares the woollen industry in the West of England with the Yorkshire industry where Luddism thrived.
David Linton's article 'The Luddites: How did they get that bad reputation?' from 1992 in Labor History delves into the perception and reputation of the Luddites.
In 1994, Ted Kaczynski, known as the Unabomber, targeted the 'industrial-technological system' in his attacks, reflecting a modern form of Luddism.
Kirkpatrick Sale's book from 1995 reinterprets Luddism as a broader resistance to technology.
In 1996, the London Stock Exchange was targeted by a cyber attack, suspected to be carried out by modern Luddites using computer viruses and malware to disrupt the technology.
Keith Grint and Steve Woolgar's work 'The Luddites: Diablo ex Machina' from 1997 provides a unique perspective on the Luddite movement.
Brian Bailey's book from 1998 provides a comprehensive history of the Luddite movement.
Chapter 4 of the book 'Social unrest and popular protest in England, 1780–1840' by John E. Archer delves into the topic of industrial protest during that period.
In 2001, the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, often associated with Osama bin Laden, utilized aviation technology to carry out the destruction of the skyscrapers.
Nichols Fox's book 'Against the Machine' from 2003 uncovers the concealed history of Luddism in various cultural aspects.
In Spring 2004, books about the Luddites were published and made available for purchase from major booksellers.
In 2006, Loyola's Jones wrote a book titled Against Technology, where he discusses the original Luddites and contrasts their era of clear-cut targets with the nebulous nature of modern technology.
In 2010, the Iranian nuclear power plant was targeted by the Stuxnet cyberworm, believed to be an act of modern Luddites disrupting technology through malware.
Jeff Horn's work on 'Machine-Breaking and the 'Threat from Below'' in 2015 explores the socio-political implications of machine-breaking in the early Industrial Revolution.