Galileo Galilei

Galileo challenged the Aristotelian physical categories by proposing the concept of corporeal matter as the only element, replacing the traditional celestial and terrestrial elements. He described the properties and motions of corporeal matter using mathematical principles and simple machines like the balance and inclined plane.

Galileo Galilei was born in 1560.

Galileo Galilei was born in 1564.

Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564. He was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.

Galileo Galilei was born in the Tuscan city of Pisa on February 18, 1564.

On February 19, 1564, Galileo Galilei is baptized in the baptistry of the cathedral.

In September 1581, Galileo starts his studies at the University of Pisa, focusing on medicine and mathematics. Despite being a dedicated medical student to fulfill his father's desire for him to become a doctor, Galileo's true passion lies in mathematics.

In 1583, Galileo enrolled at The University of Pisa to further his education.

In December 1592, Galileo becomes the chair of the mathematics department at the University of Padua in the Republic of Venice. He starts giving lectures on geometry and astronomy, along with private lessons on various subjects like Euclid and cosmography.

Galileo accepted the concept of accelerated natural motions around 1594, realizing that the speeds of bodies increase as they move downwards. He observed this phenomenon in various cases such as the pendulum, inclined plane, free fall, and projectile motion.

In the early 1600s, Galileo Galilei made significant discoveries in the field of science.

In 1603, Galileo Galilei invented the thermometer by using a small glass flask filled with water. He observed that when the flask was warmed and then cooled, the water level inside would rise and fall. This invention allowed Galileo to measure temperature accurately.

In April 1607, Balthasar Capra published a work on the proportional compass in Padua, which was considered a plagiarism of Galileo's book on the sector.

In 1608 or 1609, Galileo creates a device known as a hydrostatic balance. This invention was significant in the field of physics and helped in measuring the density of objects.

In 1609, Galileo Galilei made groundbreaking telescopic observations of the Moon, satellites of Jupiter, phases of Venus, and the Milky Way. These observations revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos.

Galileo observed three bright little stars near Jupiter on 7 January, and by 15 January, he discovered that there are four satellites of Jupiter.

By 15 January, Galileo had figured out that there are four satellites of Jupiter, after observing three bright little stars near Jupiter.

Galileo published a series of new letters known as The Starry Messenger in May 1610. In these letters, he described his observations including the discovery of sunspots, the presence of four moons around Jupiter, and the rough, uneven surface of the moon.

On 29th March 1611, Galileo arrived in Rome, a significant event in his life and scientific career.

Galileo writes a letter addressed to the Grand Duchess Christina, which despite not being printed, circulates widely. An expanded version of his previous letter to Castelli from December 1613.

In December 1614, Father Tommasso Caccini publicly criticized Galileo in a sermon in Florence and later reported him to the Inquisition.

In March 1615, a Papal commission issued an edict condemning the Copernican theory, leading to Cardinal Bellarmine instructing Galileo to stop advocating for heliocentricity.

In 1619, Galileo starts drafting a critique of comets in response to a request from Archduke Leopold of Austria. This critique is sought by many, including the Archduke, regarding Galileo's views on comets.

In 1620, Galileo Galilei published his famous work 'Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'.

Galileo sends his manuscript of The Assayer, a reply to Grassi's Astronomical Balance, to the Lincean Academy in Rome.

In June 1623, Urban VIII ascended to the position of Pope. During his papacy, Galileo visited him in Rome.

In April 1630, Galileo completed his work 'Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems', a significant piece in the history of science.

Galileo's book, which supports the Copernican theory, is published with the approval of church censors. However, it leads to Galileo being placed under house arrest for life due to contradicting the geocentric views of the church.

Galileo departs from Florence on January 20th and reaches Rome on February 13th after a two-week quarantine due to the plague.

Galileo Galilei goes on trial in Rome, facing the threat of torture by the Inquisition for his defense of the Copernican idea that the sun is the center of the universe. Despite suffering from various health issues, Galileo ultimately recants his beliefs to save himself.

In April 30, 1633, Galileo was interrogated again but later allowed to return to the home of the Tuscan ambassador.

On June 21, 1633, Galileo undergoes his final interrogation and is officially charged with heresy. He is coerced into confessing his errors, renouncing the Copernican system, and accepting the Church's judgment. As a result, he is sentenced to imprisonment.

In July 1637, Galileo writes to Elia Diodati about losing vision in his right eye, but continues observing the heavens. By November 1637, he discovers a new libration of the moon. In January 1638, he loses all vision in his left eye.

In November 1638, Galileo announces that he has discovered a new libration of the Moon, different from the optical libration.

Galileo Galilei, the renowned Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, passes away in Arcetri, Italy.

The use of Hellenistic and Medieval impetus theory by Galileo Galilei is analyzed in works by Moody, Duhem, Clagett, and Shapere. It focuses on Galileo's incorporation of impetus theory into his scientific inquiries.

In 1960, Galileo published a work titled 'On Motion and On Mechanics'.

Galileo refutes objections to the Copernican system by arguing that it is adaptable to an Earth in motion or at rest. He then presents evidence in favor of the system, using astronomical observations such as the phases of Venus and the proximity of Venus and Mercury to the sun.

In 1976, Stillman Drake published 'Galileo Against the Philosophers', a book that delves into Galileo's conflicts with the prevailing philosophical beliefs of his time.

In 1978, Stillman Drake published 'Galileo at Work', a work that provides insights into the life and work of Galileo Galilei during the Scientific Revolution.

The book 'Galileo’s Telescope: A European Story' was authored by Bucciantini, Massimo, Michele Camerota, and Franco Giudice in 2015. It explores the history and significance of Galileo's telescope in the context of European scientific advancements.