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2024-04-07 21:33:23

Feminism

History of feminism
History of feminism
Feminism traces back to 1837, with key events like Seneca Falls in 1848 and Roe v. Wade in 1973. Prominent figures include Stanton, Anthony, and Stone.
1700
A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest and Some Reflections on Marriage published
In 1700, Mary Astell published 'A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest and Some Reflections on Marriage', advocating for the rights and interests of women.
1791
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen published
In 1791, Olympe de Gouges published the 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen', a significant document advocating for gender equality and women's rights.
1792
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman published
In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft published 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman', a seminal work in feminist philosophy arguing for the equality of women in education and society.
1793
Society of Revolutionary Republican Women founded in France
In 1793, the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women was founded in France, playing a significant role in advocating for women's rights during the French Revolution.
1848-07-19
Seneca Falls Convention
The first women's rights convention in the United States, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott gathered people to demand civil, social, political, and religious rights for women, leading to the birth of the women's rights movement.
1854
“A Brief Summary in Plain Language of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women” published
In 1854, Barbara Bodichon published “A Brief Summary in Plain Language of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women”, contributing to the legal understanding of women's rights during the first-wave feminism.
1860
Co-founding of a society by Anna Filosofova
In 1860, Anna Filosofova co-founded a society aimed at providing support to the poor by offering affordable housing and decent work opportunities for women, emphasizing the importance of education and training over cash benefits.
1869
First Woman Suffrage Law in the U.S.
In 1869, the territory of Wyoming passed the first woman suffrage law in the United States, granting women the right to vote.
1872
Susan B. Anthony's Voting and Arrest
In 1872, Susan B. Anthony voted and was arrested for it, refusing to pay the $100 fine imposed on her.
1893
Kate Sheppard presents 'monster' petition for women's suffrage
In 1893, Kate Sheppard and her fellow campaigners presented a 'monster' petition to the Parliament of New Zealand, demanding women's suffrage. This pivotal move ultimately led to New Zealand becoming the first self-governing country to grant national voting rights to women.
1903
Mary Daly born
In 1903, Mary Daly, a prominent radical feminist theologian and philosopher, was born.
1911-03-08
International Women’s Day
The first International Women’s Day marked annually on 8 March, amassing more than one million people across several countries for women’s suffrage and labor rights, becoming a mechanism to protest World War I and igniting the Russian Revolution.
1913
British suffragette Emily Davison's protest at Epsom Derby
In 1913, British suffragette Emily Davison ran in front of the king's horse at the Epsom Derby, making a powerful statement for women's rights and suffrage.
1916
Margaret Sanger establishes birth control clinic in Brooklyn
In 1916, Margaret Sanger challenges New York's anti-contraception law by opening a clinic in Brooklyn. She is a prominent advocate for birth control and women's rights, facing arrest multiple times over four decades.
1919
The Wages of Men and Women: Should They be Equal? published
In 1919, Beatrice Webb published 'The Wages of Men and Women: Should They be Equal?', addressing the issue of gender pay equality during the early 20th century.
1920-08-18
Ratification of the 19th Amendment
The ratification of the 19th Amendment in August 1920 granted American women the right to vote, fulfilling a major goal of the first wave of feminism. It marked a significant milestone in the fight for women's suffrage in the United States.
1923
National Woman’s Party proposes Equal Rights Amendment
In 1923, the National Woman’s Party proposed a Constitutional amendment advocating for equal rights between men and women throughout the United States and its jurisdictions, with Congress having the power to enforce this article.
1929
A Room of One's Own published
In 1929, Virginia Woolf published 'A Room of One's Own', a significant feminist text exploring the importance of financial and intellectual independence for women.
1949
The Second Sex published
In 1949, Simone de Beauvoir published 'The Second Sex', a groundbreaking work in feminist philosophy examining the treatment of women in society.
1951
Doria Shafik leads women's rights movement in Egypt
In 1951, Doria Shafik and 1,500 women protested at the Egyptian parliament, demanding full political rights, pay equality, and reforms to personal status laws, catalyzing a women's rights movement in the country.
1956
Women's right to vote granted in Egypt
As a result of the efforts of Doria Shafik and other activists, women in Egypt were granted the right to vote in 1956, marking a significant milestone in the fight for gender equality.
1963
Publication of The Feminine Mystique
The Feminine Mystique, written by Betty Friedan, marked the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States by addressing the issues faced by women in the 1960s.
1965
Griswold v Connecticut
The Supreme Court overturns one of the last state laws prohibiting the prescription or use of contraceptives by married couples.
1967
Publication of 'The Discontent of Women' by Joke Kool-Smits
Joke Kool-Smits' essay 'The Discontent of Women' marked the beginning of second-wave feminism in the Netherlands by highlighting the frustrations of married women in traditional roles.
1968
Executive Order 11246
Prohibits sex discrimination by government contractors and requires affirmative action plans for hiring women.
1969
Bowe v. Colgate-Palmolive Company
The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals rules that women meeting the physical requirements can work in many jobs that had been for men only.
1971
Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation
The U.S. Supreme Court outlaws the practice of private employers refusing to hire women with pre-school children.
1976
Craig v. Boren
In 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a state law that allowed 18 to 20-year-old females to drink beer while denying the same rights to men of the same age. This case established a new standard for reviewing laws that treat men and women differently.
1978
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 prohibited employment discrimination against pregnant women.
1980
National Women's History Alliance Founded
The National Women's History Alliance was established in 1980 to promote women's history and ensure that the contributions of women are recognized and celebrated.
1981
Sandra Day O’Connor appointed to Supreme Court
In 1981, Sandra Day O’Connor was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.
1990
The Beauty Myth by Naomi Wolf published
In the 1990s, Naomi Wolf published 'The Beauty Myth', a book that explores the societal pressure on women to conform to unrealistic beauty standards and its impact on their lives. The book sparked discussions about beauty ideals and feminism.
1992
Emergence of Third Wave Feminism
The emergence of the third wave of feminism in 1992, led by Rebecca Walker, focused on addressing remaining issues such as sexual harassment and lack of women in positions of power. It encouraged women to express their individuality and sexuality, distancing itself from the second wave.
1994
Violence Against Women Act
The Violence Against Women Act provides funding for services for victims of rape and domestic violence, allows women to seek civil rights remedies for gender-related crimes, and establishes a national 24-hour hotline for battered women.
2005
Co-founding of Women2Win by May
In 2005, Theresa May co-founded Women2Win, a group aimed at increasing the number of Conservative women MPs. The group has been credited with supporting and promoting women in politics.
2006
Nobel Women's Initiative founded by Rigoberta Menchú
In 2006, Rigoberta Menchú co-founded the Nobel Women's Initiative to amplify women's efforts in promoting peace, justice, and equality.
2007
#MeToo Movement
The #MeToo movement, initiated by Tarana Burke in 2007 and gaining momentum in 2017, brought attention to sexual misconduct and held powerful individuals accountable. It represents a key aspect of the fourth wave of feminism, focusing on social media activism and intersectionality.
2012
Fourth-wave Feminism
Fourth-wave feminism, which began around 2012, emphasizes the empowerment of women and utilizes internet tools for activism and awareness. It places a strong emphasis on intersectionality, recognizing the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender.
2015
Low women's representation in politics
In 2015, only 22% of all national parliamentarians were female, showing a slow increase from 11.3% in 1995. This highlights the ongoing struggle for gender equality and representation in politics.
2016
The Survivors’ Bill of Rights Act
The Survivors’ Bill of Rights Act amends the federal criminal code to establish statutory rights for sexual assault survivors, ensuring they have access to forensic medical examinations and sexual assault evidence collection kits without charge.
2022
Walking Tours: Black Feminist DC
Guided tours in Washington DC that highlight the history and contributions of Black feminists in the area.
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History of feminism
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