A major outbreak of plague occurred in Constantinople in the year 573.

Outbreak in Constantinople

A major outbreak of plague occurred in Constantinople in the year 600.

In the year 664, a devastating plague outbreak affected Ireland.

Plague in Ireland

Major outbreaks of plague occurred in Iraq, Egypt, and Syria in the year 669.

Outbreak in Iraq, Egypt and Syria

In 682, a plague outbreak in England was named the Plague of Cadwaladyr’s Time after a Welsh king who survived the disease.

Plague of Cadwaladyr’s Time in England

Major outbreaks of plague occurred in Iraq, Egypt, and Syria in the year 683.

A major outbreak of plague occurred in Mesopotamia in the year 686.

Outbreak in Mesopotamia

A major outbreak of plague occurred in Constantinople in the year 698.

Major outbreaks of plague occurred in Iraq, Egypt, and Syria in the year 698.

A major outbreak of plague occurred in Mesopotamia in the year 704.

Major outbreaks of plague occurred in Iraq, Egypt, and Syria in the year 713.

Major outbreaks of plague occurred in Iraq, Egypt, and Syria in the year 732.

A major outbreak of plague occurred in Constantinople in the year 747.

Major outbreaks of plague occurred in Iraq, Egypt, and Syria in the year 750.

The Black Death, also known as the bubonic plague, killed more than one third of Europe's population in the fourteenth century. It caused high fevers, painful swellings, and rapid death. The causative agent was Yersinia pestis, leading to recurrent plague cycles across centuries.

Black Death Pandemic

In October 1347, 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina, bringing the devastating bubonic plague to Europe. Most sailors aboard the ships were already dead, and those alive were gravely ill, covered in black boils. This event marked the beginning of the Black Death pandemic in Europe.

Arrival of the Black Death in Europe

By late summer 1348, the plague reached Cairo, the capital of the Mamluk Sultanate, leading to the death of more than a third of the 600,000 residents. Despite having a medieval hospital, the city was overwhelmed with corpses, and the plague recurred multiple times over the following centuries.

Plague reaches Cairo

In April 1348, Tunis was infected by the plague brought by a ship from Sicily. The city was under attack by an army from Morocco, which dispersed in 1348, spreading the contagion to Morocco and possibly seeded from the Islamic city of Almería in al-Andalus.

Tunis infected by the plague

Plague was introduced into Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy. It then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen).

Plague introduced into Norway

During 1349, the city of Mosul suffered a massive epidemic, while Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease. These outbreaks added to the devastation caused by the plague in the region.

Epidemic in Mosul and Baghdad

In 1349, the Welsh poet Ieuan Gethin vividly described the horrifying symptoms of the Black Death, including black sores resembling apples or onions that spared no one. His account captures the devastating impact of the plague on the population.

Description of Black Death Symptoms by Welsh Poet Ieuan Gethin

In 1350, Eastern Europe was affected by a devastating plague, causing widespread death and suffering in regions that were not well-documented or explored.

Plague in Uncharted Eastern Europe

Plague spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. It was less common in parts of Europe with less-established trade relations.

Plague reaches northwestern Russia

After the Black Death, social unrest led to riots in Paris in 1358 as the workforce demanded higher wages and more independence, marking the decline of the feudal system.

Riots in Paris

In 1358, the Italian writer Boccaccio described the terrible symptoms of the Black Death in the preface to his Decameron. His vivid account, along with other contemporary writers, highlighted the gruesome nature of the disease that ravaged Europe.

Terrible Symptoms of the Black Death Described by Italian Writer Boccaccio

The plague resurged in 1362-1363, leading to outbreaks of the deadly disease and impacting the population.

Resurgence of the Plague in 1362-1363

In 1369, another outbreak of the plague occurred, causing fear and death among the people.

Plague Outbreak in 1369

The year 1374 witnessed another outbreak of the plague, further affecting the population and daily life.

Plague Outbreak in 1374

In 1374, during another outbreak of the Black Death in Europe, Venice implemented public health measures such as isolating infected individuals and preventing diseased ships from docking at port.

Venice's Public Health Controls during Black Death Epidemic

In 1377, the republic of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik) established a quarantine station outside the city where travelers suspected of carrying the plague had to spend thirty days to determine if they were infected.

Ragusa's Trentena Quarantine Station

In the city-state of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia), a thirty-day isolation period was implemented in 1377 for new arrivals to prevent the spread of disease. This isolation period was later extended to forty days and named 'quarantino' from the Italian word for 'forty'.

Origin of the term 'quarantine'

In 1377, the first quarantine was established at the Adriatic port of Ragussa. This marked a significant shift towards new empiricism in medicine and disease control.

Establishment of the First Quarantine

In 1378, riots erupted in Florence due to the changing dynamics post-Black Death, where the laborers sought better working conditions and rights, signaling the shift away from serfdom.

Riots in Florence

The year 1381 saw riots in London following the Black Death, reflecting the growing discontent among the peasants for improved wages and freedom, leading to the downfall of feudalism.

Riots in London

The Black Plague made a resurgence in Europe in 1382, with Ireland being particularly hard hit by the deadly disease, leading to a significant loss of life.

Black Plague Returns to Europe, Heavy Toll on Ireland

In 1390, the plague struck again, causing distress and hardship for the people.

Plague Outbreak in 1390

In 1403, Venice extended the quarantine period to forty days for travelers from the Levant, leading to the term 'quarantine'. This change may have been influenced by biblical and historical references.

Venice's Quarantena and Origin of the Term 'Quarantine'

In 1466, Paris experienced a severe outbreak of the plague, causing widespread illness and death among its population.

Plague of Paris

The city of Amsterdam faced a plague outbreak in 1559, resulting in a significant number of cases and deaths within the community.

Amsterdam Plague

Painted in 1562, 'The Triumph of Death' by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depicts the turmoil experienced in Europe as a result of the plague.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 'The Triumph of Death'

The painting 'The Triumph of Death' by Pieter Breughel the Elder in 1562 depicted armies of skeletons killing people of all social orders in a variety of macabre ways, reflecting the preoccupation with death during the plague.

The Triumph of Death by Pieter Breughel the Elder

The Great Plague of Seville occurred in 1647, leading to a devastating impact on the population of the Spanish city with widespread illness and death.

Great Plague of Seville

The major outbreak of plague in London in 1665 was a result of a breakdown in the quarantine barrier. The disease spread rapidly, causing a significant number of deaths in the city.

Major Plague Outbreak in London

The Great Plague of London in 1665 was a significant epidemic that resulted in a high number of fatalities and had a profound impact on the city's population and infrastructure.

Great Plague of London

In 1666, England experienced a plague outbreak that persisted until the Great Fire of London, which inadvertently helped to control the disease by killing the rats that carried it.

Plague in England and the Great Fire of London

The Great Fire of London in 1666, which destroyed a large part of the city, led to the subsequent rebuilding of houses with brick and tile, disturbing the rats' habitat and contributing to the end of the pneumonic plague epidemic.

Great Fire of London

In 1679, Central Europe was struck by a plague outbreak, with a smaller outbreak also occurring in England, causing illness and death in both regions.

Plague in Central Europe and Small Outbreak in England

Between 1710 and 1711, Sweden and Finland experienced a significant outbreak of the plague, leading to widespread suffering and loss of life in the affected regions.

Outbreak of Plague in Sweden and Finland

The city of Marseilles faced a plague epidemic in 1720, causing a high number of cases and fatalities among its population.

Plague in Marseilles

The major outbreak of plague in Marseille in 1721 was depicted in Michel Serre's painting. It was a result of a breakdown in the quarantine barrier, leading to a devastating impact on the city.

Major Plague Outbreak in Marseille

In 1722, Daniel Defoe published 'A Journal of the Plague Year,' a fictionalized account of the 1665 plague outbreak in London, providing insights into the impact of the epidemic on society and individuals.

Defoe Publishes A Journal of the Plague Year

The plague outbreak occurred in the Balkans in 1770 and lasted for about 2 years. While the epidemic spread through most of Western Europe, not all areas were equally affected. Regions with limited trade experienced less impact compared to major ports.

Plague in the Balkans

The plague re-emerged in the remote Chinese province of Yunnan in 1855, spreading along trade routes and reaching various locations in subsequent years.

Plague re-emerged in Yunnan Province

An old English nursery rhyme published in Kate Greenaway's book Mother Goose in 1881 described the symptoms of the plague, including a red blistery rash, fragrant herbs and flowers to ward off the 'miasmas', and the sneeze and cough heralding pneumonia.

Old English Nursery Rhyme Published in Mother Goose

The Third Pandemic of 1894 marked the resurgence of the plague, although it did not reach the virulence and mortality of the 14th century European Black Death.

Third Pandemic

In Hong Kong in 1894, Alexandre Yersin discovered the bacillus now known as Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of the plague.

Discovery of Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis, the causative organism of the plague, was discovered during the 1894 pandemic in Hong Kong by French bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin.

During an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894, Alexandre Yersin, a pupil of Louis Pasteur, discovered the bacterium Yersinia pestis and proved that it was present in rodents, suggesting that rats were the main vehicle of transmission.

Discovery of Yersinia pestis by Alexandre Yersin

In Karachi in 1898, Paul-Louis Simond discovered that the brown rat was the primary host and the rat flea was the vector of the plague.

Discovery of Plague Vector

Four years after the discovery of Yersinia pestis, Paul-Louis Simond, a successor of Alexandre Yersin, identified the primary vectors for the transmission of the disease from rats to humans.

Contribution of Paul-Louis Simond

In 1898, Paul-Louis Simond established the mechanism by which Yersinia pestis is usually transmitted, involving the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis, leading to aggressive feeding behavior and regurgitation of plague bacteria.

Establishment of Y. pestis transmission mechanism by Paul-Louis Simond

In 1900, the plague reached Australia with the first major outbreak occurring in Sydney, causing 100 deaths and confirming rats as the source and fleas as the vectors.

Plague Outbreak in Sydney, Australia

Zeigler P.'s book 'The Black Death' provides insights into the infamous Black Death pandemic that ravaged Europe in the 14th century, leading to catastrophic consequences.

The Black Death

A book titled 'The Black Death' by Gottfried RS delves into the devastating pandemic that swept through Europe in the 14th century, causing widespread death and societal upheaval.

In 1997, Perry RD and Fetherston JD identified Yersinia pestis as the causative agent of the plague in their publication in Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

Yersinia pestis discovered as the etiologic agent of plague

Research by Achtman et al. in 1999 revealed that Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

Yersinia pestis Emergence as Cause of Plague

Marriott's book 'Plague', published in 2003, delves into the topic of plague and its impact.

Plague by Marriott

Gage and Kosoy's research in 2005 provides insights into the natural history of plague, drawing from over a century of research.

Natural History of Plague by Gage and Kosoy

In 2007, Echenberg published 'Plague Ports', a book exploring the historical significance of ports in the spread of plague.

Plague Ports by Echenberg

In 2010, Haensch et al. published a study confirming the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death by assessing DNA/RNA from human skeletons associated with the epidemic, ending the debate about the cause of the plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages.

Confirmation of Y. pestis role in the Black Death

In 2011, genetic evidence from Black Death victims in England further confirmed that the Black Death was caused by a variant of Yersinia pestis, with the strain ancestral to most modern strains of the bacterium.

Genetic evidence of Y. pestis from Black Death victims

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a report on Zoonotic Infections focusing on the plague, highlighting its zoonotic nature and impact.

WHO report on Zoonotic Infections - Plague

DNA evidence from skeletons in 14th century London showed that the plague strain is almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013, tracing the source of Yersinia pestis to the Tian Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan.

DNA evidence linking plague strain to Madagascar

In 2014, Public Health England conducted an examination of 25 bodies exhumed in the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as wills registered in London during the period, to support the pneumonic hypothesis of the plague's spread.

Examination of bodies in Clerkenwell area of London

In October 2017, Madagascar experienced the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times, resulting in 170 deaths and infecting thousands, raising concerns about the disease's resurgence.

Deadliest Plague Outbreak in Modern Times

In 2018, researchers proposed an alternative model suggesting that the Black Death was spread from human fleas and body lice to other people, challenging the traditional rat-flea-human hypothesis.

Alternative model for the spread of the Black Death

The Black Death, caused by Yersinia pestis, killed millions in Europe. Originating in Asia, it spread through trade routes, impacting population, economy, and culture.

Bubonic plague pandemic in Europe, 1346-1353

Black Death

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