English Civil War

The Bishops' Wars were a series of conflicts between the Presbyterian Covenanters and the Anglican bishops in Scotland, which ultimately led to the outbreak of the English Civil War.

A new parliament, known as the Long Parliament, convened at Westminster on November 3, 1640. It unexpectedly lasted for the next 20 years and played a crucial role in the impeachment and execution of the Earl of Strafford.

After a lengthy trial orchestrated by various factions, including Protestants and Catholics from Ireland, Scottish Covenanters, and English opponents of the king, the Earl of Strafford was executed on May 12, 1641. His removal had significant implications for the political landscape of the time.

Charles I raised the royal standard in Nottingham, officially marking the beginning of the English Civil War. His forces controlled parts of the Midlands, Wales, the West Country, and northern England, while Parliament controlled London, the south-east, East Anglia, and the English navy.

The opposing forces of Charles I and Parliament met at Edgehill in a significant battle during the English Civil War. The battle ended inconclusively as Prince Rupert's cavalry charged through the parliamentary ranks but failed to secure a decisive victory.

During the Battle of Chalgrove Field on 18th June 1643, John Hampden was fatally wounded, succumbing to his injuries on 24th June 1643.

The armies of Charles I and Parliament met at Newbury, Berkshire, on 20 September 1643 during the English Civil War. The battle ended inconclusively at nightfall, similar to the earlier Battle of Edgehill.

The Battle of Marston Moor was a significant conflict that took place in 1644 during the English Civil War. It was a decisive Parliamentarian victory over the Royalists, led by Prince Rupert of the Rhine. The battle marked a turning point in the war and contributed to the eventual defeat of the Royalist cause.

On 28th May 1644, the Storming of Bolton and the Bolton Massacre took place during the English Civil War, resulting in a brutal massacre of civilians by Royalist forces.

The Battle of Marston Moor on 2nd July 1644 was a significant engagement in the English Civil War, resulting in a decisive Parliamentarian victory over the Royalists.

The Committee of Both Kingdoms issued an order on 6th January 1645 for the formation of the New Model Army, a professional military force crucial to Parliament's victory in the English Civil War.

On 28th January 1645, the Long Parliament appointed commissioners to engage in negotiations with the king's representatives at Uxbridge, aiming to reach a peace agreement amidst the ongoing conflict.

The English Parliament takes steps to establish a new professional military force known as the New Model Army.

Sir Thomas Fairfax is given the leadership of the New Model Army, a pivotal development in the English Civil Wars.

On June 14, 1645, the Parliamentarians under Sir Thomas Fairfax achieved a decisive victory over the Royalists at the Battle of Naseby, a significant event in the English Civil Wars.

The Battle of Marston Moor took place on July 2, 1645, during the English Civil War, resulting in a decisive victory for the Parliamentarians over the Royalists.

On October 27, 1645, the Battle of Newbury was fought between the Parliamentarians and Royalists during the English Civil War, with no clear victor emerging from the conflict.

In January 1, 1646, Charles I surrendered to his Scottish Allies who were supporting Parliament.

The New Model Army achieved victory in the Battle of Torrington.

The Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold, the last pitched battle of the First Civil War, resulted in a victory for the New Model Army.

The Battle of Naseby took place on 14 June.

The Siege of Oxford, a significant event during the English Civil War, concluded with the surrender of the Royalist garrison to the Parliamentarian forces.

After enduring a 65-day siege, Wallingford Castle, the final English royalist stronghold, surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax and the Parliamentarian forces.

The surrender of Harlech Castle, the last Royalist stronghold in Wales, to Parliamentary forces marked a significant event in the English Civil War.

On 29th May 1647, the General Council of the Army formulated the Solemn Engagement, a significant document outlining the demands and intentions of the Army.

Cornet George Joyce, a junior officer in Fairfax's horse, led a troop of New Model Army cavalry to capture the King from his Parliamentary guards at Holdenby House on 3rd June 1647.

On 1st August 1647, the General Council of the Army presented the Heads of Proposals, outlining their terms and conditions, marking a significant development in the English Civil War.

On 17th August 1648, Oliver Cromwell leads a Parliamentarian army to victory over an Anglo-Scottish Royalist army at the Battle of Preston, a crucial battle during the English Civil War.

Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian army defeats an Anglo-Scottish Royalist army.

Charles I was executed in 1649, leading to England becoming a republic.

On January 20, 1649, a group of Parliamentarian officers captures Charles I of England on the Isle of Wight.

King Charles I was found guilty of treason, sentenced to public execution, and beheaded in front of spectators. This event marked the first time a King's execution and trial were open to the public.

On 7th February 1649, the Rump Parliament voted to abolish the English monarchy. This decision marked a significant turning point in English history.

On September 3, 1650, Oliver Cromwell led the New Model Army against Scotland.

On January 1, 1651, Charles II was crowned King of Scots at Scone, a pivotal moment in the history of Scotland during this turbulent period.

The Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651, was a decisive engagement that marked the final confrontation of the English Civil War, resulting in the defeat of Charles II and the end of the Royalist cause.

On 16 October 1651, Charles II successfully landed in Normandy, France, after fleeing England.

Oliver Cromwell passed away on September 3, 1658, marking the end of his influential rule in England.

In 1660, after 11 years of republican rule, Charles II, son of Charles I, was restored to the English throne, ending the Interregnum period.

In 1661, the bodies of Oliver Cromwell, John Bradshaw, and Henry Ireton were removed from Westminster Abbey to be posthumously tried for high treason and executed. This event was a symbolic retaliation for the trial and execution of King Charles I twelve years earlier during the English Civil War.

The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 was passed during the reign of Charles II in England. It reinforced the longstanding writ of habeas corpus, protecting individual freedom by ensuring that people could not be unlawfully detained.