The 1552 Peace of Passau aimed to address issues between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, setting the stage for further religious conflicts and the Thirty Years' War.

The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty signed in 1555 between Charles V and the forces of Lutheran princes, officially ending the religious struggle between Catholics and Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire. It allowed princes to choose the religion in their principality.

During the 1590s, Maurice took advantage of Parma's distraction in France to reform his armies with new strategies and discipline. He introduced tactics like continual volley fire and countermarch, drawing inspiration from the ancient Roman army. These innovations laid the foundation for modern warfare.

In 1608, Frederick IV, Elector Palatine formed the Protestant Union, and Maximilian of Bavaria set up the Catholic League. Both alliances were created to support the dynastic ambitions of their leaders, leading to increased tensions throughout the empire.

In 1616, one of the first military schools was set up at Siegen to train professional soldiers capable of executing tactical formations and disciplined salvos. These schools played a crucial role in developing skilled infantrymen.

In May 1617, Ferdinand became king of Bohemia and gained control of its electoral vote. His conservative Catholicism and erosion of Protestant rights led to the Bohemian Revolt in May 1618.

In 1618, a significant event known as the Defenestration of Prague took place, where Protestant nobles threw two Catholic members of the Bohemian government out of a window in Prague Castle. This event marked the beginning of the Bohemian Revolt and the Thirty Years' War.

Following the battle, Prague experienced weeks of plundering and pillaging. Several months later, twenty-seven nobles and citizens were tortured and executed in the Old Town Square, with twelve of their heads impaled on iron hooks and hung from the Bridge Tower as a warning. These brutal acts contributed to catalyzing the Thirty Years’ War.

Matthias died on 20 Mar 1619, leading to Ferdinand automatically becoming the King of Bohemia. He was later elected as Holy Roman Emperor.

An Imperialist Army under Count Bucquoy defeated a Protestant Bohemian army led by Count Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat. Mansfeld lost at least 1,500 infantry and his baggage train.

In August 1619, the Bohemian diet chose Frederick as their monarch, leading to the start of the Thirty Years' War. This conflict escalated into a wider European war between Catholics and Protestants.

A Protestant Bohemian army defeated an Austrian army under Dampierre at the Battle of Wisternitz.

The Bohemian rebels formally deposed Ferdinand as King of Bohemia and replaced him with the Palatine Elector Frederick V.

The Bohemian Estates revoked Ferdinand's election as king on August 19, 1619, signaling a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.

In the Battle of White Mountain on November 8, 1620, Ferdinand II and the Catholics regained power, defeating the Protestants. This battle marked a turning point in the Thirty Years' War.

The Protestant Union, formed in 1608, was dissolved on 24 May 1621.

At the Battle of Mingolsheim, a Protestant army under General von Mansfeld rebuffed a Catholic League army under Count Tilly.

In 1622, a Catholic army led by Marshal Tilly and Spanish troops defeated a Protestant army at the Battle of Wimpfen. The Protestant army, led by Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, was outnumbered by the Catholics.

The Battle of Höchst in 1622 saw a Catholic army defeating a smaller Protestant Union army under Christian of Brunswick. Despite managing to cross the Main river, Brunswick lost a significant portion of his men and baggage.

In the Battle of Stadtlohn on August 6, 1623, a Spanish army under Gonzalo de Córdoba defeated a German Protestant mercenary army led by von Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Spanish forces, with the Protestants suffering heavy casualties.

In 1624, England, France, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Savoy, Venice, and Brandenburg formed an anti-Hapsburg alliance to fight against Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor.

In May 1625, the Lower Saxony kreis elected Christian as their military commander, a move that was met with resistance from Saxony and Brandenburg.

The Battle of Dessau occurred on April 25, 1626, as part of the Thirty Years' War. It was a significant battle where the Protestant forces faced the Catholic League, resulting in a victory for the Catholic side.

A Catholic League army led by Count Tilly defeated the forces of Christian IV of Denmark at Lutter am Barenberge in Lower Saxony. The battle saw the Imperial infantry breaking through the Danish line but being repulsed by cavalry counter-attacks. The capture of the Danish artillery led to the Danish retreat towards Stade.

Von Arnim besieged Stralsund, the only port with facilities large enough to build a fleet, leading to Gustavus Adolphus sending troops commanded by Alexander Leslie to lift the siege.

Von Arnim was forced to lift the siege of Stralsund on 4 August, after Gustavus Adolphus sent troops to support the city.

Imperialists under Wallenstein achieved victory over the army of Christian IV of Denmark at Wolgast, Germany. This battle was a significant event during the ongoing conflicts of the Thirty Years' War.

Three weeks after lifting the siege of Stralsund, Christian suffered another defeat at Wolgast.

In March 1629, Ferdinand passed the Edict of Restitution, requiring all lands taken from the Catholic church after 1555 to be returned, leading to opposition and undermining his previous success.

In June 1629, the Treaty of Lübeck was signed, where Christian retained Schleswig and Holstein but relinquished Bremen and Verden, effectively ending Denmark's reign as the predominant Nordic state.

The Battle of Magdeburg lasted from November 1630 to May 20, 1631, during the Thirty Years' War. It was a brutal siege and massacre of the Protestant city of Magdeburg by Catholic forces.

Imperialist forces besieged Magdeburg from November 1630 to May 1631, resulting in a brutal sack of the city. The massacre of inhabitants and the city's destruction led to widespread devastation, giving rise to the term 'magdeburgization' to signify total destruction and pillaging.

On July 22, 1631, the Battle of Werben took place where 16,000 entrenched Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated 23,000 Imperialists under Count Tilly. The Swedish batteries and cavalry played a significant role in securing victory.

The Battle of Breitenfeld took place on September 17, 1631, during the Thirty Years' War. It was a significant Protestant victory over the Imperial forces, marking a turning point in the conflict.

In 1632, Regensburg was attacked and plundered during the Thirty Years' War.

40,000 Swedish troops led by Gustavus Adolphus defeated 25,000 Catholic League troops under Count Tilly near the city of Rain. The Swedish army used a strategic feint attack to catch the Catholic army off guard and successfully crossed the River Lech to storm the hill where the Catholic troops were entrenched.

In July 1632, Wallenstein and Maximilian united their forces, compelling Gustav to retreat to Fürth near Nuremberg. Gustav summoned reinforcements from all over Germany, leading to a battle of attrition with the allies suffering from lack of supplies.

The Battle of Fürth took place on 3-4 September 1632. Further details are not provided in the input.

The Battle of Lützen occurred on November 16, 1632, during the Thirty Years' War. It was a fierce battle where the Protestant forces, led by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, defeated the Imperial army but suffered a great loss with the death of Gustavus Adolphus.

In April 1633, Sweden and its German Protestant allies formed the Heilbronn League, once again financed by France, to continue their opposition against the Habsburgs during the Thirty Years' War.

In July 1633, the coalition forces of the Heilbronn League defeated an Imperial army at Oldendorf in Lower Saxony during the Thirty Years' War.

Captain Devereux killed Wallenstein in Eger when he attempted to contact the Swedes, following suspicions of switching sides.

On 12 July 1634, Gustav Horn and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar met at Augsburg during the Thirty Years' War, strategizing their next moves against Imperial forces.

On 22 July 1634, the Swedish-German forces defeated an Imperial blocking force under Johann von Aldringen at Landshut during the Thirty Years' War.

The Battle of Nördlingen on September 2, 1634, was a decisive victory for the Imperial and Spanish forces, leading to a shift in the focus of the Thirty Years' War to the Rhineland and Bavaria.

The Battle of Nördlingen took place on September 5-6, 1634, during the Thirty Years' War. It was a decisive victory for the Imperial-Spanish forces over the Protestant coalition, solidifying Habsburg control over the region.

The Battle of Nördlingen on 6 September 1634 during the Thirty Years' War saw a combined Imperial-Spanish force defeat the Swedish-German army, leading to far-reaching territorial and strategic consequences.

The Peace of Prague in September 10, 1634, marked a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War, ending the primarily inter-German religious conflict and reshaping the alliances.

On February 8, 1635, the Treaty of Alliance was signed in Paris, committing the Dutch Republic to invade the Spanish Netherlands simultaneously with France later that year. The treaty outlined the partitioning of the Spanish Netherlands between the two invaders.

The Peace of Prague in 1635 marked the end of the Catholic League, leading to the cessation of its existence. This event signified a significant shift in the political landscape of the time.

On June 8, 1635, the joint French and Dutch forces accomplished the Capture of Tienen during the Franco-Dutch invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. However, the city was subjected to a savage sack, leading to mass killings and destruction.

From June 24 to July 4, 1635, the Siege of Leuven was a disaster for the combined Franco-Dutch forces, as the Cardinal-Infante's offensive forces overwhelmed the Dutch. The Spanish forces managed to recapture several towns, including Limbourg, Gennep, Diest, and Goch.

The Battle of Wittstock took place on October 4, 1636, where a Swedish army under Baner defeated a combined force of Imperialists and Saxons. Despite being outnumbered, the Swedish forces emerged victorious, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy.

On October 10, 1637, the Fall of Breda occurred, marking a significant event in the ongoing conflicts of the time. The capture of Breda had strategic implications for the parties involved.

The Battle of Rheinfelden in February 1638 was a notable military engagement during the Thirty Years' War. The outcome of this battle had repercussions on the broader conflict and the parties involved.

In April 1639, Banér defeated the Saxons at Chemnitz, a significant military engagement during the Thirty Years' War.

In May 1639, Banér entered Bohemia during the Thirty Years' War, further escalating the conflict.

In October 1639, the Dutch fleet under Maarten Tromp won a significant victory at the Downs, cutting off the Spanish Road and impacting the supply routes of the Spanish armies in Flanders.

The French conquered the fort at Arras from the Spanish after a siege lasting from June 16 to August 9, 1640, marking a turning point in the war favoring France over Spain.

In January 1641, Banér's Swedish army launched a surprise attack on the Imperial Diet in Regensburg during the Thirty Years' War.

In May 1641, Banér died in Halberstadt during the Thirty Years' War, leading to a shift in leadership within the Swedish army.

In June 1641, Banér's largely German troops mutinied at Wolfenbüttel due to lack of pay during the Thirty Years' War.

In November 1641, Lennart Torstensson arrived with 7,000 Swedish recruits, providing much-needed reinforcements and resolving the mutiny within Banér's army during the Thirty Years' War.

The Battle of Honnecourt on May 26, 1642, was a significant military confrontation with implications for the ongoing hostilities of the time. The outcome of this battle influenced the course of the conflict.

The Second Battle of Breitenfeld on October 23, 1642, was a pivotal event in the military campaigns of the period. The battle had strategic importance and impacted the forces involved.

The Battle of Rocroi took place on May 19, 1643, during the Thirty Years' War. It was a decisive victory for the French against the Spanish army, marking the decline of Spanish military dominance in Europe.

The Battle of Tuttlingen on November 24, 1643, was a crucial military encounter during the ongoing conflicts of the time. The battle had implications for the forces involved and the broader war.

The Battle of Freiburg occurred from August 3 to August 9, 1644, during the Thirty Years' War. It was a series of engagements where the French forces under Turenne defeated the Bavarian army, securing French control over the region.

The Swedes, led by Field Marshal Torstensson, decisively defeated the Imperialists under General von Hatzfeldt at Jankov in southern Bohemia in February 1645.

The Battle of Mergentheim occurred in May 1645.

The Battle of 2nd Nördlingen took place on August 3, 1645.

Under the command of Turenne and Wrangel, French and Swedish forces separately invaded Bavaria in the summer of 1646. This invasion was part of the ongoing conflicts in Europe during the Thirty Years' War.

On 14 March 1647, Mazarin signed the Truce of Ulm with Bavaria, Cologne, and Sweden to free up resources for a planned offensive to acquire the Netherlands. However, the offensive faced challenges and did not proceed as intended.

Clausewitz conducted his first extended study on the Thirty Years' War, rejecting the Enlightenment's view of war as chaotic and instead explaining its operations through historical research and socio-political factors.

The Treaty of Münster was a peace agreement between Spain and the Dutch Republic, confirming Spain's recognition of Dutch independence and meeting Dutch demands. It was part of the broader peace negotiations of the Thirty Years' War.

The Battle of Zusmarshausen occurred on May 7, 1648.

Delegates to the peace conference, except for Zeeland and Utrecht, affirmed the peace agreement on oath on May 15, 1648, finalizing the Treaty of Münster despite some provinces' initial opposition.

In the Battle of Lens, a French army under Prince de Condé defeated a Spanish army under Archduke Leopold in August 1648.

The Peace of Westphalia was signed on October 24, 1648, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War. It consisted of a series of treaties that brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire and Europe, establishing new political and religious norms.

The Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 ended the fighting between France and Spain that continued after the Thirty Years' War. It marked a significant step towards peace in Europe.

Simplicius Simplicissimus, written by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen in 1668, is considered one of the earliest examples of the Picaresque novel. It provides a realistic portrayal of a soldier's life during the Thirty Years' War.

Parts of Pomerania, which remained Swedish until 1815, were ceded to Prussia in 1679. This marked a shift in territorial control following the Thirty Years' War.

The experience of the Thirty Years' War was used to justify the creation of the German Empire in 1871 by German nationalists. The war highlighted the dangers of a divided Germany.