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Hundred Years' War

Series of conflicts between England and France

The Hundred Years' War was a prolonged conflict between England and France during the Late Middle Ages, originating from English claims to the French throne. It lasted over 116 years, with intermittent battles and truces, shaping European history with innovations in military tactics and technology, and influencing the decline of chivalry.

Related

Thirty Years' War English Civil War French Revolution War of the Spanish Succession Crusades World War I Wars of the Roses War of 1812 American Revolution Age of Enlightenment

Timeline

Norman Conquest of England

The tensions between the French and English monarchies can be traced back to the 1066 Norman Conquest of England, where the English throne was seized by the Duke of Normandy, a vassal of the King of France. This event laid the foundation for future conflicts between the two kingdoms.

Start of the Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War began on this date, a prolonged conflict between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. It had a significant impact on the history of both countries.

The Question of Female Succession to the French Throne

After the death of Louis X in 1316, the issue of female succession to the French throne arose. Louis left behind a daughter, Joan II of Navarre, and a son who lived for only five days. Philip, Count of Poitiers, positioned himself to take the crown, arguing against women's eligibility to succeed to the French throne.

Succession Crisis after the Death of Charles IV

After the death of Charles IV in 1328, a succession crisis emerged as he left behind a young daughter and pregnant wife. The French nobility decided that Philip, Count of Valois, should take the throne over Edward III of England, leading to the crowning of Philip VI.

Edward III pays homage to the King of France

On 6 June 1329, Edward III paid homage to the King of France, but the ceremony recorded that the homage was not due to the fiefs detached from the duchy of Guyenne by Charles IV, indicating a dispute over the extorted lands.

The Great Council opens at Nottingham

Edward III arrives at Nottingham and the Great Council opens. Southern England is in invasion fever, leading to the grant of a tax and preparation to levy 80,000 men for coastal defense.

War breaks out between Edward III and David II of Scotland

In 1332, the Second War of Scottish Independence began as Edward III clashed with David II of Scotland, who was supported by France under the Auld Alliance.

St Andrews Castle surrenders to the Scots

After a three weeks siege, St Andrews Castle surrenders to the Scots in Scotland.

Edward III's plans for Aquitaine and creation of earldoms

Parliament closes after endorsing Edward III's plans to dispatch an army to Aquitaine and create six earldoms. Edward of Woodstock becomes the Duke of Cornwall.

Battle of Sluys

The Battle of Sluys takes place on 23rd January 1340, during the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. It is a significant naval battle where the English fleet defeats the French, establishing English naval supremacy in the region.

Battle of Sluys

On June 22, 1340, the Battle of Sluys took place, where the English fleet, led by Edward III, decisively defeated the French fleet. This naval victory solidified England's dominance in the English Channel and marked a turning point in the Hundred Years' War.

Battle of Crécy

On 26 August 1346, Edward III of England and his son Edward the Black Prince achieve a decisive victory over Philip VI of France at the Battle of Crécy.

Battle of Poitiers

English forces achieve a significant victory at the Battle of Poitiers, capturing King John II of France.

Battle of Poitiers

The Battle of Poitiers in 1356 resulted in the capture of John II of France by the Black Prince, marking a significant victory for the English forces.

Edward III's Campaign in France

In October 1359, Edward III landed at Calais and marched across Artois and Champagne, failing to take Reims but ravaging the district of Beauce. Peace talks were held at Brétigny in May 1360, leading to the Treaties of Calais in July-October 1360, where France ceded Aquitaine, Calais, and Guînes to England.

Transfer of Aquitaine to Edward the Black Prince

In July 1362, Edward III transferred the principality of Aquitaine to his son Edward the Black Prince, consolidating English control over the region.

French Reconquest of Territories

The French successfully recapture much of the land that Edward III of England had previously gained. England is left with only Calais and Gascony as their continental possessions.

Death of the Black Prince

The Black Prince, suffering from deteriorating health, returned to England in January 1371 and passed away on 8 June 1376. His death marked a significant loss for England during the Hundred Years' War.

Charles VI Descends into Madness

In 1392, Charles VI of France suffered from a sudden descent into madness, leading to a power struggle for control over the regency between his uncles and brother.

Battle of Agincourt

The Battle of Agincourt took place on October 25, 1415, resulting in a decisive English victory during the Hundred Years War. It is one of the most famous battles of the conflict, showcasing English longbowmen's effectiveness.

Treaty of Troyes; Henry becomes regent of France and successor to Charles VI

The Treaty of Troyes was signed on May 21, 1420, where Henry V of England became the regent of France and the successor to Charles VI. Additionally, Henry V married Catherine of Valois.

Henry V of England marries Catherine of Valois

On June 2, 1420, Henry V of England marries Catherine of Valois, the daughter of Charles VI of France, in Troyes Cathedral.

Death of Henry V

Henry V, King of England, died on August 31, 1422, at the royal castle at Vincennes, near Paris, possibly due to dysentery.

Death of Charles VI

Charles VI of France passed away on October 21, 1422, at the age of 53, paving the way for Henry VI of England to be crowned king of both England and France.

Battle of Verneuil

At the Battle of Verneuil, the English, led by the Duke of Bedford, achieved a significant victory over the Franco-Scottish army, destroying the Dauphin's field army and eliminating the Scots as a major military force.

Siege of Orleans

The Siege of Orleans, led by Joan of Arc, results in a crucial victory for the French forces, marking a turning point in the Hundred Years' War.

Joan of Arc defeats the English at Orleans; coronation of the Dauphin as Charles VII

In 1429, Joan of Arc achieved a significant victory by defeating the English at Orleans. This victory also led to the coronation of the Dauphin as Charles VII of France.

Battle of Patay

The Battle of Patay occurred on June 18, 1429, and ended in a significant French victory during the Hundred Years War. It was a crucial turning point in the conflict, solidifying Joan of Arc's reputation as a military leader.

Siege of Orleans lifted by Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc's inspirational leadership led to the lifting of the Siege of Orleans, a crucial victory for the French forces during the Hundred Years' War.

Charles retreats to Loire

In August 2, 1429, Charles retreats to Loire during the Hundred Years' War.

French and English forces skirmish at Senlis

On August 14, 1429, French and English forces engage in a skirmish at Senlis, a significant event during the Hundred Years' War.

Assault on Paris begins

The assault on Paris commences on September 8, 1429, marking a crucial phase in the military operations of the Hundred Years' War.

Capture of Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians at the siege of Compiègne on 23 May 1430.

Coronation of Charles VII of France in Rheims

Charles VII of France is crowned in Rheims, solidifying his claim to the French throne and marking a significant moment in the Hundred Years' War.

Execution of Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc was convicted and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431.

Henry VI crowned King of France

Henry VI was crowned king of France at Notre-Dame, in Paris, on 16 December 1431.

Treaty of Arras

The Treaty of Arras was signed in September 1435, where Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, deserted to Charles VII, returning Paris to the King of France.

Paris is captured by the French

In 1436, Paris is successfully taken by the French forces, marking a significant turning point in the Hundred Years' War as they gain control of the strategic city.

Recapture of Rouen

The French successfully recaptured Rouen in 1449 during the Hundred Years' War.

Battle of Formigny

The English suffered a major defeat in France at the Battle of Formigny on 15 April 1450, leading to the French reconquest of Normandy. This event marked a significant turning point in the Hundred Years' War.

Battle of Castillon

On 17 July 1453, the English forces suffered a catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Castillon, resulting in the loss of all English possessions in France except for the Pale of Calais. This marked the end of the Hundred Years' War.

End of the Timeline
Hundred Years' War

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