Arnold J. Toynbee

Arnold Toynbee, an English economist and social reformer, was born in London, England on August 23, 1852. He later became known for his public service activities on behalf of the working class.

In 1878, Arnold Toynbee graduated from Balliol College, Oxford. He later went on to become a tutor at Balliol College, where his lectures on the economic history of the Industrial Revolution in Britain had a significant impact.

Arnold Toynbee, the English economist and social reformer, passed away in Wimbledon on March 9, 1883. He was noted for his contributions to economic history and social reform efforts.

Toynbee Hall was established in the poor working-class district of Whitechapel in East London as a pioneering social settlement. It was founded in 1884 to provide housing and libraries for the growing numbers of poor in Britain.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee, a renowned historian and philosopher known for his work on civilization and the philosophy of history, was born in London, England.

Arnold J. Toynbee was elected a fellow at Balliol College, Oxford, and appointed as a tutor in ancient history. His interests in Greek and Roman civilization, as well as classical archaeology, set him apart from other British classical scholars of his time.

In 1915, Arnold J. Toynbee investigated Zionism at the Information Department of the Foreign Office and later published a memorandum supporting exclusive Jewish political rights in Ottoman Palestine.

In Chapter IV of his book, Toynbee criticized the concept of natural borders and proposed alternatives such as free trade, partnership, and cooperation between countries.

Arnold Toynbee began working on his monumental work 'A Study of History' on September 17, 1921, while traveling on the Orient Express. The idea for the 3½-million word, 12-volume series came to him during a train journey from Istanbul to Nish, where he was inspired by the scenery and history of the region.

In 1922, Arnold J. Toynbee began his Study of History after being inspired by Bulgarian peasants wearing fox-skin caps similar to those described by Herodotus as the headgear of Xerxes’ troops. This event marked the beginning of Toynbee's in-depth examination of the rise and fall of civilizations throughout human history.

Toynbee was forced to resign from the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History at King's College, University of London in 1924 due to his accusations against Greece's military government in occupied Turkish territory.

Arnold J. Toynbee became the Research Professor of International History at the London School of Economics in 1925.

In 1929, Arnold J. Toynbee was appointed as the Director of Studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), a position he held until 1956.

Arnold J. Toynbee's 12-volume universal history, A Study of History, began with the publication of Volume I in 1934. This volume focused on the introduction and the genesis of civilizations.

Arnold J. Toynbee had a private interview with Adolf Hitler in Berlin in 1936, where Hitler expressed his limited expansionist aims and desire for British understanding and cooperation with Nazi Germany. Toynbee believed Hitler was sincere and endorsed his message in a confidential memorandum for the British prime minister and foreign secretary.

In 1939, Toynbee expressed his belief in the challenge faced by Modern Western society to establish a political and economic world order.

Toynbee's views on Judaism and Zionism have been controversial, with some accusing him of disparaging Jews and Judaism. He believed that Judaism was defined by fanaticism, provincialism, and exclusivity, and viewed Zionism as similar to Nazism.

In 1947, Arnold J. Toynbee appeared on the cover of Time magazine, with an article praising his work as 'the most provocative work of historical theory written in England since Karl Marx's Capital'. This recognition boosted his reputation and brought attention to his theories.

In 1948, Arnold J. Toynbee published 'Civilization on Trial', a work that delves into the challenges and trials faced by civilizations throughout history. This publication added to Toynbee's extensive body of work on the subject of civilizations.

In 1952, Arnold J. Toynbee argued that the Soviet Union had been a victim of Western aggression. He viewed the Cold War as a religious competition between Marxist materialism and the West's spiritual Christian heritage, which he believed had been foolishly rejected by a secularized West. His views sparked a heated debate and criticism.

In 1953, Ernst Robert Curtius, influenced by Arnold J. Toynbee's overall theory, incorporated similar ideas in his work 'European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages'. He viewed cultures and historical entities through a comparative morphology approach.

Ashley M. F. Montagu edited the book 'Toynbee and History: Critical Essays and Reviews' in 1956, which contains insightful essays and reviews on Arnold J. Toynbee's work.

In 1958, Arnold J. Toynbee released 'East to West: A Journey Round the World', a publication that documented his travels and observations across different civilizations. This work contributed to his exploration of global history and cultural interactions.

In 1959, Arnold J. Toynbee published 'Hellenism: The History of a Civilization', a significant work that focused on the history and impact of Hellenistic civilization. This publication added to Toynbee's scholarly contributions on ancient civilizations.

After 1960, Arnold J. Toynbee's ideas and approach to history faced skepticism from mainstream historians, leading to a decline in his academic reputation. His style of civilizational analysis, which some thought emphasized the divine too much, was seldom cited in academia and the media.

In January 1961, Arnold J. Toynbee engaged in a debate with Yaakov Herzog, the Israeli ambassador to Canada. This debate led Toynbee to revise his views and urge Israel to play a role in preventing nuclear war.

In 1972, Arnold J. Toynbee met with Daisaku Ikeda, the president of Soka Gakkai International, to discuss the threat of the atomic bomb and its impact on humanity. Their discussions led to the publication of Choose Life.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee, a prominent figure in the study of civilization and cyclicism, passed away at the age of 86 in York, North Yorkshire.

Arnold Toynbee, the historian known for his work on the rise and fall of civilizations, passed away at the age of 86 in a nursing home in York, England. He had been incapacitated for the last 14 months due to a stroke. Toynbee's most famous work, 'A Study of History,' was a 12-volume series that took 40 years to complete.

The Toynbee Prize Foundation was chartered in 1987 with the aim of contributing to the development of the social sciences from a broad historical perspective.

William H. McNeill's scholarly biography on Arnold J. Toynbee.

Costello's book 'World Historians and Their Goals' published in 1993 compares Arnold J. Toynbee with prominent historians such as H. G. Wells, Oswald Spengler, and others in the context of twentieth-century answers to modernism.

A book edited by David Long and Peter Wilson that discusses Arnold Toynbee's research in a global context during the inter-war period.

Marvin Perry's work that explores Arnold Toynbee's relationship with the Western tradition.

Interest in Arnold J. Toynbee's ideas revived in 1997 with the publication of 'The Clash of Civilizations' by Samuel P. Huntington. Huntington's view of human history as the history of civilizations resonated with Toynbee's approach, leading to a renewed interest in Toynbee's work.

Isaiah Friedman's article in Israel Studies that explores Arnold Toynbee's stance on Arab-Zionist relations.

Gabriel B. Paquette's article in Revolutionary Russia analyzing the influence of the 1917 Russian Revolutions on Arnold J. Toynbee's historical ideas during the period of 1917-1934.

Gordon Martel's article in the Australian Journal of Politics and History that delves into Arnold Toynbee's early contributions to world history before World War I.

Michael Lang's article in the Journal of World History discussing globalization and global history in relation to Arnold Toynbee's work.

Alexander Hutton's study in the European Review of History that examines the reception of Arnold J. Toynbee's work in a British context during the specified period.

The Toynbee Prize was established in 2017 by the Toynbee Prize Foundation to recognize significant contributions to the field of social sciences and global history.