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Xerox

American corporation selling print and digital document products.

Xerox is a US-based corporation known for its document technology and services. It was founded in Rochester, New York, and is now headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut. Xerox acquired Affiliated Computer Services in 2010 and separated its business process service operations in 2016. The company has made significant contributions to personal computing, with inventions like the GUI and computer mouse.

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Timeline

Invention of Xerography by Chester Carlson

In 1938, Chester Carlson invented xerography, a dry writing process, due to his frustration with the cost and complexity of document copying.

Joseph C. Wilson Takes Over Haloid and Signs Agreement to Develop Xerography

Joseph C. Wilson, credited as the 'founder of Xerox', took over Haloid from his father and signed an agreement in 1946 to develop Chester Carlson's invention as a commercial product.

Haloid's Agreement with Battelle Memorial Institute

In 1947, Haloid entered into an agreement with Battelle Memorial Institute to develop a new copying machine using the xerography process invented by Chester Carlson.

Introduction of Xerox Copier

Haloid introduced the first copier using xerography technology, named 'Xerox.' Despite initial challenges, the company believed in the product.

Licensing of Xerographic Patents

Battelle made Haloid the sole licensing agency for patents related to xerography, leading to widespread adoption of the technology.

Revamping of Haloid Offices and Factory Construction

In 1955, Haloid revamped 18 regional offices into showrooms for Xerox machines, hired 200 service and sales associates, and constructed a factory in Webster, New York.

Introduction of Xerox 914 Copier

In 1958, Haloid Xerox, Incorporated recognized the potential in the xerographic copier business and rebranded itself. The launch of the Xerox 914 copier in 1960 marked a significant milestone as the first successful plain-paper copier.

Introduction of the 914 xerographic copier

In 1959, the Haloid Xerox Company introduced the 914 xerographic copier, which was the first commercial application of the imaging process invented by Chester Carlson. This marked a significant milestone in the history of office technology.

Introduction of Xerox 914 Copier

In 1960, Haloid Xerox, Incorporated released the Xerox 914 copier, the first successful plain-paper copier in the market.

Xerox 914 Plain Paper Photocopier Introduced

The Xerox 914, the first plain paper photocopier, became highly successful, leading to the company changing its name to Xerox Corporation in 1961.

Introduction of the Xerox 813

In 1963, Xerox introduced the Xerox 813, the first desktop plain-paper copier. This marked a significant milestone in the evolution of copier technology.

Introduction of 914 copiers at Xerox

In early 1964, Xerox introduced the 914 copiers, marking a significant advancement in their product line. This era was considered wonderful by many employees.

Opening of Xerox PARC

Xerox PARC, also known as Palo Alto Research Center, was established with a team of experts aiming to design an information intensive 'Office of the Future' by transitioning from analog to digital office technologies.

Creation of the world's first personal computer by Xerox PARC scientists

In 1973, Xerox PARC scientists developed the world's first personal computer, which had an innovative design that later influenced the development of the Macintosh by Apple.

Xerox Anti-Trust Suit Resolution

In 1975, Xerox resolved an anti-trust suit with the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC), resulting in the forced licensing of the company's entire patent portfolio to Japanese competitors.

Xerox PARC debuts first graphical user interface (GUI)

Xerox PARC introduced the first graphical user interface (GUI) featuring icons, pop-up menus, overlapping windows, and point-and-click functionality, which are still widely used today.

Xerox restructuring

On January 1, 1982, Xerox underwent a significant restructuring process, potentially altering its organizational structure, operations, or strategic direction.

Xerox's Market Share Decline

Xerox's market share dropped from 82 percent to 41 percent, leading to significant organizational changes under the initiative 'Leadership Through Quality' to enhance customer satisfaction and compete with rivals like IBM, Kodak, and Canon.

Introduction of Xerox's New Line of Computer Printers

Between September 1990 and March 1991, Xerox introduced a line of five new computer printers, including models like the 4350, 4197, 4135, and the 4213, each catering to different office needs.

Development of Xerox's Paperworks Software

In 1992, Xerox developed Paperworks software, enabling faxes to be sent directly from a PC to a fax machine, showcasing the company's commitment to technological advancements.

Xerox Rebranding as 'The Document Company'

In 1994, Xerox rebranded itself as 'The Document Company' to shift away from its image as a copier company. The new branding reflected the company's focus on document-processing products.

Launch of DocuColor 40

In 1996, Xerox launched the DocuColor 40, a highly profitable product that captured over 50% of the high-speed color copier market. It was capable of printing 40 full-color pages per minute.

Technology spin-offs from Xerox research center

In 1998, a total of 35 'technology spin-offs' emerged from the Xerox research center, showcasing the impact and potential of Xerox's research and development efforts.

Anne M. Mulcahy appointed as President of Xerox

Anne M. Mulcahy was appointed as the President of Xerox in May 2000, leading the company towards a successful turnaround by returning it to full-year profitability by the end of 2002.

Xerox Accounting Irregularities

Xerox restated its financials in 2002 due to accounting irregularities, including the reallocation of equipment sales revenue of more than $2 billion. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint against Xerox for deceiving the public between 1997 and 2000.

Xerox Accounting Irregularities

Xerox announced accounting irregularities in its financial statements certified by KPMG LLP. The restatements included reallocation of equipment sales revenue of over $2 billion.

SEC files complaint against Xerox's auditors, KPMG

The SEC filed a complaint against KPMG, accusing four partners of allowing Xerox to manipulate financial records to cover revenue and earnings gaps.

Xerox senior executives settle with SEC on securities fraud charges

Six Xerox senior executives accused of securities fraud settled with the SEC, agreeing to pay $22 million in penalties, disgorgement, and interest.

Celebration of the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914

Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914, a significant milestone in the company's history. Over 200,000 units were produced worldwide between 1959 and 1976, with the 914 now being a part of American history in the Smithsonian Institution.

Acquisition of XMPie

Xerox completed the acquisition of XMPie, a software provider for cross-media marketing, marking a strategic move in expanding its offerings. XMPie remained an independent entity within Xerox, led by its original founder Jacob Aizikowitz.

Ursula Burns becomes CEO of Xerox

Ursula Burns succeeded Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox, becoming the first African American woman to lead a company of Xerox's scale. Her appointment marked a significant milestone in corporate leadership diversity.

Acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services

Xerox announced the acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services, a major services and outsourcing company, for $6.4 billion. This strategic move aimed to expand Xerox's service offerings and market presence.

Acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services

In 2010, Xerox acquired Affiliated Computer Services (ACS), a move that reflected the company's strategic shift towards focusing on services over products. This acquisition marked a significant transformation in Xerox's business model.

Acquisition of NewField IT

Xerox acquired NewField IT, a significant addition to its portfolio, enhancing its capabilities in the IT sector. The acquisition represented Xerox's strategic growth in technology services.

Xerox declared a non-generic term by IPAB of India

In 2012, the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) of India declared 'xerox' a non-generic term after almost 50 years of continued existence on the register without challenge, and with proof of almost 44 years of use evident. Despite this declaration, as of 2015, most Indians still use it as a synonym for photocopying.

Continued use of 'Xerox' as a verb in India

As of 2015, despite efforts to protect the trademark, most Indians still use 'Xerox' as a synonym for photocopying.

Xerox puts HP acquisition campaign on hold

Xerox announced the postponement of their campaign to acquire HP due to the COVID-19 pandemic, prioritizing the health and safety of their employees and stakeholders.

Xerox Assignments Patent Battle

A significant patent battle involving Xerox assignments in Houston, Texas, Dallas, Texas, and Atlanta, Georgia. The battle showcased the leadership and skills of professionals in the field of selling, emphasizing the importance of trained sales professionals over order takers.

Xerox transfers stock ticker to Nasdaq

Xerox announced the transfer of its stock ticker from the New York Stock Exchange to the Nasdaq after 60 years in September 2021. This strategic move was part of Xerox's transition into software and innovation to address industry challenges.

Xerox Corporation Split Announcement

Xerox Corporation announced its decision to split into two separate entities, one focusing on hardware and the other on services. This move will have significant implications for the company's operations and structure.

Xerox Announces Full Exercise of Over-Allotment Option for its 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes

Xerox Holdings Corporation announced the full exercise of the over-allotment option for its offering of 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2030, raising capital through a series of financing transactions.

End of the Timeline
Xerox

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