Standard Model

In 1954, Yang Chen-Ning and Robert Mills expanded the concept of gauge theory from abelian groups to nonabelian groups, specifically for explaining strong interactions.

Chien-Shiung Wu's 1957 experiment showed that parity was not conserved in the weak interaction, challenging previous assumptions.

In 1961, Sheldon Glashow combined the electromagnetic and weak interactions, laying the foundation for the electroweak theory.

The Higgs boson was proposed in 1964 as a crucial element in the Standard Model of particle physics, explaining the origin of mass for other elementary particles.

In 1965, O.W. Greenberg, M.Y. Han, and Yoichiro Nambu introduced the concept of quark property known as color charge, which is a fundamental aspect of the strong force in particle physics.

In 1967, Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam published papers introducing the Yang-Mills theory using the SU(2) X U(1) supersymmetry group. This theory played a crucial role in providing a mass for the W particle through spontaneous symmetry breaking.

In 1968, deep inelastic scattering experiments at Stanford University's SLAC revealed that the proton is composed of smaller, point-like objects, later identified as up and down quarks. This discovery challenged the notion of the proton as an elementary particle and led to the identification of quarks as fundamental constituents of hadrons.

Over the last thirty years from the mid-1960's, the theory known as the Standard Model of particles and interactions has evolved and gained widespread acceptance with the support of new evidence.

Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos, and Luciano Maiani recognize the critical importance of a fourth type of quark in the context of the Standard Model. This discovery allows a theory with flavor-changing Z0-mediated weak interactions but no flavor-changing ones.

In November 1974, Burton Richter and Samuel Ting independently announced the discovery of a new particle through separate experiments. Ting named it the 'J' particle while Richter called it the psi particle. The particle is now commonly referred to as the J/psi particle.

Martin Lewis Perl and colleagues detect the tau lepton in a series of experiments, expanding the understanding of lepton particles.

In 1976, Gerson Goldhaber and Francois Pierre discovered the D0 meson, which consists of anti-up and charm quarks. The theoretical predictions aligned closely with experimental results, providing evidence for the Standard Model.

In 1977, Leon Lederman and his team at Fermilab discovered the bottom quark along with its antiquark. This finding provided further evidence for the existence of quarks and fueled the search for the sixth quark, known as the top quark.

In 1978, Charles Prescott and Richard Taylor observed a Z0 mediated weak interaction during the scattering of polarized electrons from deuterium. This experiment demonstrated a violation of parity conservation, in line with the predictions of the Standard Model.

In 1979, polarized electrons from deuterium showed a violation of parity conservation, confirming the prediction of the Standard Model.

Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer discover the W and Z bosons, crucial carriers of the weak force in the Standard Model of particle physics.

A book by D.J. Griffiths published in 1987 providing an introduction to elementary particles, which are the building blocks of the universe according to the Standard Model.

In 1995, the CDF and D0 experiments at Fermilab discovered the top quark after eighteen years of searching at various accelerators. The top quark was found at an unexpected mass of 175 GeV.

In 1999, a search for proton decay through the process p → νK+ was conducted using a Large Water Cherenkov Detector.

In 2000, S.F. Novaes provided an introduction to the Standard Model in a publication.

F. Wilczek's paper titled 'The Universe Is A Strange Place' was published in 2004 in Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements.

A book by R. Oerter published in 2006 that discusses the Standard Model, a fundamental theory in particle physics that describes the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions.

Paul Langacker authored a book in 2009 called 'The Standard Model and Beyond' which delves into group-theoretical aspects of the Standard Model.

Leonard Susskind gave lectures on Particle Physics and the Standard Model in 2010.

The discovery of the Higgs Boson in 2012 was a significant achievement for particle physicists, marking a major milestone in understanding the fundamental particles and forces in the universe.

François Englert and Peter Higgs were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, which was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle by experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider.

Matthew D. Schwartz published a book in 2014 titled 'Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model' at Cambridge University, focusing on the relationship between quantum field theory and the Standard Model.