James Buchanan

James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States, was born on April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania.

James Buchanan graduated from Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania on September 19, 1809.

In December 1809, James Buchanan started his legal studies under James Hopkins in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

James Buchanan is elected as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives during the War of 1812.

Ann Coleman, Buchanan's fiancée, passed away shortly after ending her engagement to Buchanan.

James Buchanan served in the United States House of Representatives from 1821 until 1831, where he sat on the House Judiciary Committee. He was initially a Federalist but later attached himself to the Democratic-Republican Party under Andrew Jackson's values.

In 1832, James Buchanan was appointed as Minister to Russia by President Andrew Jackson in recognition of his loyalty to the Democratic Party. This appointment marked an important milestone in Buchanan's political career.

Buchanan was defeated in the election for the United States Senate in 1833.

James Buchanan was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1834 and served for three terms.

Assumed the role of chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, overseeing and influencing the foreign policy decisions of the United States.

After the death of her father Elliott Tole Lane in November 1840, she became the ward of her uncle, James Buchanan.

Took on the responsibility of caring for his niece, Harriet Lane, after the death of her parents, becoming her legal guardian.

James Buchanan was considered for the Democratic nomination for the 1844 election.

James Buchanan was appointed as the Secretary of State by President James K. Polk on March 6, 1845.

James Buchanan assumed the position of Secretary of State on March 10, 1845.

Made a formal request for appointment to the United States Supreme Court in June 1846, expressing interest in a judicial position at the highest level of the American legal system.

James Buchanan left the position of Secretary of State on March 7, 1849.

The Ostend Manifesto was a diplomatic report drafted in October 18, 1854, recommending that the United States acquire Cuba from Spain to prevent a potential slave uprising. It reflected James Buchanan's support for American imperialism and his fear of the inflammatory effect of a slave uprising on the United States.

James Buchanan was chosen as the presidential nominee for the Democratic Party, replacing the incumbent president Franklin Pierce, who was also a candidate.

James Buchanan won the election with 58.8% of the Electoral College and 45.3% of the popular vote.

James B. Duke, a prominent tobacco manufacturer, industrialist, and philanthropist, was born in Durham, North Carolina.

James Buchanan was inaugurated as the 15th President of the United States.

The Supreme Court ruled that black Americans, free and enslaved, lacked citizenship rights and that neither Congress nor a territorial government could restrict slavery in the territories. This decision had a significant impact on the issue of slavery in the territories.

Roughly 140 people are killed in Utah as Paiute Indians and the Mormon Militia, incited by Mormon fanatic John D. Lee, attack emigrants heading for California in direct retaliation for President Buchanan's order to remove Mormon leader Brigham Young from his position as governor of Utah.

President signs the Act admitting Oregon into the Union as a state.

President vetoes land grants for agricultural colleges, and the veto is sustained in the House on 02/26/1859.

Southern slave owners advocate for the reopening of the African slave trade at the Southern Commercial Convention.

Kansas' anti-slavery Wyandotte Constitution is ratified with a huge popular vote margin.

In 1859, President James Buchanan dispatched federal troops led by Colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant J. E. B. Stuart to control the mob of citizens and local militia and capture those responsible for the raid. The next morning, Stuart and his men stormed the engine house and ended the fighting. By the time Brown and seven of his men were captured, five had escaped, and nine of his men were dead, including two of his sons. On the other side, seven people were dead, and ten were wounded.

The Democratic Party convention meets in Charleston, SC, but fails to agree on the slavery plank after 57 ballots. No candidate wins the required 2/3 vote, leading to an adjournment until June 18 in Baltimore. President Buchanan keeps his promise of not seeking renomination.

President Buchanan vetoed the Homestead Bill, which aimed to allow citizens to purchase land for 25 cents per acre. Buchanan argued that the price was too low and unfair to settlers who had originally paid a higher price for the land. The Senate sustained the veto on this day.

Attorney General Jeremiah S. Black advises President Buchanan on the issue of war declaration and general hostilities against a State.

Buchanan argues that the South has no legal right to secede, yet the government has no legal power to prevent the secession. Calls for an 'explanatory amendment' to the Constitution recognizing the 'right of property in slaves' and the validity of the fugitive slave act.

President James Buchanan ordered Major Robert Anderson to move from Fort Moultrie to the more isolated Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in an attempt to prevent South Carolina from seceding.

On January 5, 1861, forces from South Carolina fired on a ship sent to re-supply Fort Sumter, but President Buchanan refused to respond with force, deferring to Congress.

In January 9, 1861, as several Cabinet members resigned, President Buchanan appointed northerners and sent the Star of the West to carry reinforcements to Fort Sumter.

On March 2, 1861, James Buchanan signed the Signs Act (12 Stat 209) authorizing the organization of the territory of Nevada. He also signed an Act (12 Stat 239) the same day authorizing the formation of the temporary government of Dakota.

Buchanan's administration ended in March.

James Buchanan's son, James Buchanan Johnston, was born at Wheatland estate. He passed away on March 25, 1881.

James Buchanan passed away on June 1, 1868. He was the fifteenth President of the United States and his presidency was marked with conflict, aggravating sectional tensions to the point where the Union dissolved.

James B. Duke, known for his contributions to the tobacco industry and philanthropy, passed away in New York City.