Ottoman Empire

Osman I founded the Ottoman Empire in 1299, which later became a powerful and influential empire in the world history.

In 1301, Osman founded the Ottoman dynasty in Anatolia, marking the beginning of a powerful empire that would last for centuries.

In 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed in the Ottoman Empire to assume certain responsibilities of the sultan. The Grand Vizier gained considerable independence and became the de facto head of state by the late 16th century.

In 1326, under the leadership of Orhan, the Ottomans captured Bursa and established it as their new capital.

Murad I of the Ottoman Empire captures Adrianople, renames it to Edirne, and establishes it as the new capital, significantly impacting the empire's strategic position.

The Ottoman Empire achieves a significant victory by defeating a combined army of Hungary and Serbia at Edirne, consolidating their power in the region.

In 1397, Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, the son of Murad, lays siege to Constantinople, a significant event in the Ottoman Empire's efforts to expand its influence in the region.

Bayezid I is defeated by Timur's forces at the Battle of Ankara and is captured.

Murad II defeats Crusader forces at the Battle of Varna.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople.

The Battle of Vaslui took place in 1475, where the forces of Stephen III of Moldavia defeated the Ottoman Empire.

In 1477, the world witnessed the opening of Kiva Han in Istanbul, which is recognized as the first coffee shop in history, marking the beginning of a significant cultural phenomenon.

Suleiman the Magnificent, the famous Ottoman Sultan, is born on November 6, 1494. He would later become one of the most prominent rulers of the Ottoman Empire.

Selim I deposes his father Bayezid II.

Selim I defeats the army of the Safavid Shah Ismail I at the Battle of Chaldiron.

Selim I captures Syria, Palestine, Hejaz, and Egypt from the Mamluks, expanding the Ottoman Empire's territory.

In 1520, after the death of Selim, his son Suleiman ascended to the throne of the Ottoman Empire without facing a succession war, ensuring a smooth transition of power.

In 1522, under the leadership of Suleiman, the Ottomans successfully captured Rhodes from the Knights of Saint John, marking the end of Christian presence in the eastern Mediterranean.

Suleiman I successfully captures the island of Rhodes, strengthening Ottoman control over the eastern Mediterranean.

Suleiman I achieves a decisive victory over the Hungarian forces at the Battle of Mohács, solidifying Ottoman dominance in the region.

The Ottoman siege of Vienna is unsuccessful, marking a significant halt in their expansion into Central Europe.

In 1531, Suleiman the Magnificent married Roxalana, a Christian Ukrainian slave girl. This marriage was significant as it was the first time a sultan married one of his slaves and the first time a sultan had a wife since Orhan.

In 1555, the iconic Sultan Suleiman Mosque, also known as Suleymaniye Mosque, was completed and consecrated in Istanbul, showcasing the architectural and cultural achievements of the Ottoman Empire.

Suleiman I passes away during a military campaign in Hungary, ending his illustrious reign as the Ottoman Sultan.

Ottoman Sultan Selim II passes away, and Murad III ascends the throne after eliminating his five brothers. His mother, Nurbanu, an Orthodox Christian, becomes the Valide (queen mother and co-regent).

The Ottomans capture the island of Crete, consolidating their control over the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Sea.

Vienna is under siege by Ottoman Turks in 1683.

The Ottomans suffer a significant defeat at the Battle of Vienna, marking the start of their decline.

The Treaty of Karlowitz is signed, marking the end of the Great Turkish War and resulting in territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire.

The Greek War of Independence commences, leading to the eventual liberation of Greece from Ottoman rule.

In 1829, Russia defeated the Ottomans and played a role in helping Serbia and Greece gain independence, reshaping the geopolitical landscape of the region.

In 1841, Sultan Abdul Majid I introduced secular law alongside sharia, granting equal rights to non-Muslims and banning the slave trade, marking a significant shift in Ottoman legal and social policies.

The Crimean War was a conflict where Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire fought against Russia. It was significant as it marked the first major war where Christian countries supported a Muslim country.

The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 led by the Committee of Union and Progress established the Second Constitutional Era in the Ottoman Empire.

On April 23, 1909, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) took control and forced Sultan Abdülhamid II to abdicate. This event followed an insurrection spearheaded by reactionary troops and marked a pivotal moment in the political history of the Ottoman Empire.

Despite efforts to reinforce and stabilize the Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Paris, the rising tide of nationalism within Ottoman territory eventually led to the Empire's downfall in 1914.

During World War I, the Ottoman Empire carried out a genocide against the Armenian population, resulting in the death of an estimated one million Armenians.

The Ottoman Empire initiates the massacre of 1.2 million Armenian Christians.

World War I concluded in 1918 with the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, marking the end of Islamic empires.

World War I concluded in 1918 with the defeat and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, marking the end of the last Islamic empire.

The successful Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk against the occupying Allies resulted in the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy in 1922, formally ending the Ottoman Empire.