In 1231, Ertugrul Ghazi conquered Sogut, which later became known as the birthplace of the Ottoman Empire. His son, Osman I, went on to become the first sultan, marking the beginning of Ottoman rule.

The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 by Osman I and emerged as a powerful state during the late Middle Ages and early modern period.

Around 1285, Osman inherited the leadership of the tribal group that later became known as the Ottoman Turks.

Osman I founded the Ottoman Empire in 1299, which later became a powerful and influential empire in the world history.

In 1301, Osman founded the Ottoman dynasty in Anatolia, marking the beginning of a powerful empire that would last for centuries.

In 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed in the Ottoman Empire to assume certain responsibilities of the sultan. The Grand Vizier gained considerable independence and became the de facto head of state by the late 16th century.

In 1324, Orhan succeeded his father Osman and became the ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1326, under the leadership of Orhan, the Ottomans captured Bursa and established it as their new capital.

By 1329, the Ottoman Turks had conquered Asia Minor, expanding their territorial control in the region.

In 1331, the Ottomans, under the rule of Orhan, successfully conquered Nicaea.

In 1335, the Ottomans established the first madrasa in Iznik, marking an important development in the field of education and religious studies in the region.

The year 1346 witnessed the Ottoman conquest of Bergama, a significant military achievement that expanded the territorial control of the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottomans establish their presence in Europe by occupying Gallipoli, marking the beginning of their expansion into the continent. This strategic move sets the stage for further Ottoman territorial gains.

By 1359, the Ottoman Empire had taken control of a large portion of northwestern Anatolia, marking the beginning of their expansion. This period saw the empire capturing key cities like Adrianople and establishing a strong foothold in the region.

Following the death of Orhan, his son Murad/Murat ascends to the throne as the Sultan of the Ottomans. Murad's reign sees the continuation of Ottoman expansion and consolidation of power.

Murad I of the Ottoman Empire captures Adrianople, renames it to Edirne, and establishes it as the new capital, significantly impacting the empire's strategic position.

The Ottoman Empire achieves a significant victory by defeating a combined army of Hungary and Serbia at Edirne, consolidating their power in the region.

In 1369, the Ottomans conquered Edirne, which served as the capital of the empire for 90 years before Istanbul's conquest. Edirne witnessed the rise and fall of many empires and is renowned for architectural marvels like the Selimiye Mosque.

The Battle of Kosovo in 1389 was a significant event that marked the end of Serbian power in the region and paved the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. It was a decisive victory for the Ottoman Turks.

Manisa was conquered in 1390 and served as a training ground for the crown princes.

In 1391, Ottoman sultan Murad marries the Bulgarian princess Tamara, forming a political alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

By 1393, the Ottomans, led by Bayazid I, successfully conquer most of western and central Anatolia, expanding their territorial control in the region.

The Ottoman Turks emerge victorious over a western Christian army in the Battle of Nicopolis, also known as the Nicopolis Crusade.

In 1397, Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, the son of Murad, lays siege to Constantinople, a significant event in the Ottoman Empire's efforts to expand its influence in the region.

In 1398, the Ottomans achieve victory over the Turkomans of Konya/Karaman in Anatolia, further solidifying their control over the region and weakening rival factions.

Bayezid I is defeated by Timur's forces at the Battle of Ankara and is captured.

In 1405, Tamerlane achieved a significant victory by defeating the Ottomans at Ankara and capturing Ottoman Sultan Beyazid I, who later died in captivity.

By 1411, the civil war among Bayazid's sons came to an end, with Suleiman ruling over Ottoman Europe and Mehmet ruling over Ottoman Anatolia, marking a division of power within the empire.

Mehmed I emerges victorious in the Ottoman Interregnum period.

Mehmet Ottoman, supported by Byzantium, defeats his brother Musa and regains all Ottoman territories lost during the civil war. He also changes the official languages of the government to Persian and Turkish from Greek.

Murad II became the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1422.

In 1443, Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, started his successful campaign against the Ottoman Turks.

Murad II defeats Crusader forces at the Battle of Varna.

Around 1450, Christian boys trained as slaves in the service of the Turkish sultan gained power as the elite janissaries.

Muhammad/Mehmet II ascends to the throne as the new Ottoman Sultan after the reign of Murad II.

The Ottoman conquest of Istanbul in 1453 marked the triumph of Islamic rule over a converted Christian church. The placement of the Sultan Ahmet Mosque near the Hagia Sophia symbolized this victory.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople.

In 1455, Mehmed II annexed Serbia, expanding Ottoman territory and influence in the region.

Mehmed II ascended to the throne of the Ottoman Empire in 1460.

Under the rule of Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, the iconic Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was constructed, becoming a hub for trade and commerce.

In 1462, Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, begins the construction of Topkapi Sarayi as his palace.

In 1464, Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, leading to the conversion of a significant number of noble families to Islam.

In 1468, Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottomans successfully captured Trebizond in 1473, further expanding their territorial control and influence in the region.

The Battle of Vaslui took place in 1475, where the forces of Stephen III of Moldavia defeated the Ottoman Empire.

In 1477, the world witnessed the opening of Kiva Han in Istanbul, which is recognized as the first coffee shop in history, marking the beginning of a significant cultural phenomenon.

Sultan Bayezid II became the ruler of the Ottoman Empire in 1478.

The Topkapi Palace was inaugurated in Istanbul in 1479, serving as the primary residence of the Ottoman sultans for centuries.

Around 1480, the name of Constantinople is changed to Istanbul, derived from the everyday Greek name for the city.

The 16-year war ends with Venetia losing most of her territories along the Aegean Sea to the Ottomans.

Mehmet II dies and is succeeded by Beyazid II who defeats his brother Cem.

The Black Sea becomes an Ottoman lake.

The Ottoman Empire provides asylum to the Sephardic Jews expelled from the Christian kingdoms of Spain.

Suleiman the Magnificent, the famous Ottoman Sultan, is born on November 6, 1494. He would later become one of the most prominent rulers of the Ottoman Empire.

Selim I deposes his father Bayezid II.

In 1513, Selim I, with the help of the janissaries, defeated his brothers and forced his father Beyazit to abdicate in his favor.

Selim I defeats the army of the Safavid Shah Ismail I at the Battle of Chaldiron.

The Ottomans under Selim I achieved victory over Shah Ismail I Safavid army at Chaldiran, leading to the conquest of Kurdistan and Armenia.

The sultan issued a decree forbidding the use of the printing press in the Ottoman Empire.

Selim I captures Syria, Palestine, Hejaz, and Egypt from the Mamluks, expanding the Ottoman Empire's territory.

In 1519, Celal led a revolt against the Ottoman sultan, challenging the authority of the ruler.

In 1520, after the death of Selim, his son Suleiman ascended to the throne of the Ottoman Empire without facing a succession war, ensuring a smooth transition of power.

Sulayman successfully conquers Belgrade in August.

In 1522, under the leadership of Suleiman, the Ottomans successfully captured Rhodes from the Knights of Saint John, marking the end of Christian presence in the eastern Mediterranean.

Suleiman I successfully captures the island of Rhodes, strengthening Ottoman control over the eastern Mediterranean.

Suleiman I achieves a decisive victory over the Hungarian forces at the Battle of Mohács, solidifying Ottoman dominance in the region.

The Ottoman siege of Vienna is unsuccessful, marking a significant halt in their expansion into Central Europe.

In 1530, Sulayman the Magnificent and his Turkish armies once again laid siege to Vienna, marking a significant event in the Ottoman Empire's expansion attempts into Europe.

In 1531, Suleiman the Magnificent married Roxalana, a Christian Ukrainian slave girl. This marriage was significant as it was the first time a sultan married one of his slaves and the first time a sultan had a wife since Orhan.

In 1533, the Ottomans successfully conquered Iraq, expanding their territorial control.

The Ottomans successfully capture Baghdad from the Safavids with the support of a Sunni insurrection. However, the Safavids manage to retain control over eastern Iran, Azerbaijan, and the southern Caucasus.

In 1536, Suleiman the Magnificent executes his grand vizier Pargali Ibrahim due to intrigues involving Hurrem Sultan and the French ambassador.

A 60,000-strong Ottoman army besieged the Spanish garrison of Castelnuovo in 1539, resulting in Venice surrendering most of its empire in the Aegean and the Morea.

In 1541, Suleiman I successfully takes Buda, now known as Budapest, and by 1547, the Turks occupy a significant portion of Hungary.

In 1544, Hurrem Sultan, through her influence, plays a role in the execution of the grand vizier Pargali Ibrahim in the Ottoman Empire.

In 1547, Hurrem Sultan successfully secures the appointment of her son-in-law Rustem Pasha as the grand vizier of the Ottomans.

The year 1551 marked the Ottoman conquest of Libya, further extending their influence in North Africa.

Sinan Pasha, an influential Ottoman statesman and military leader, died in the year 1553.

In 1555, the iconic Sultan Suleiman Mosque, also known as Suleymaniye Mosque, was completed and consecrated in Istanbul, showcasing the architectural and cultural achievements of the Ottoman Empire.

Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul in 1557.

Coffee is first introduced in the Ottoman Empire during this year.

After the death of Hurrem Sultan, the powerful sultan's wife, her sons Selim and Beyazit engage in a struggle for succession, with Selim emerging victorious.

The Safadis hand over prince Beyazit to the Ottomans for execution.

The new grand vizier Sokullu Mehmet marries Esma, daughter of Sultan Selim, establishing a powerful harem in the Ottoman court.

Suleiman I passes away during a military campaign in Hungary, ending his illustrious reign as the Ottoman Sultan.

In 1569, a massive fire engulfed much of Istanbul, causing widespread destruction and devastation.

The Ottomans decided to conquer Venetian Cyprus and on 22 July 1570, Nicosia was besieged, resulting in the death of 50,000 Christians and enslavement of 180,000.

After a siege lasting 11 months, the Venetian stronghold in Cyprus, Famagusta, fell to the Ottomans in August 1571, with 50,000 Ottoman casualties.

Ottoman Sultan Selim II passes away, and Murad III ascends the throne after eliminating his five brothers. His mother, Nurbanu, an Orthodox Christian, becomes the Valide (queen mother and co-regent).

In 1579, the Ottoman sultan Murat III executes the grand vizier Sokullu, who was held responsible for nepotism and corruption within the court.

In 1580, Ottoman sultan Murat III and Felipe II of Spain sign a treaty that divides the spheres of influence in the Mediterranean between Ottomans and Hapsburgs, effectively dividing the Muslim and Christian Mediterranean regions.

In 1583, a fanatical mob destroyed the astronomical observatory of Istanbul.

In 1587, the Ottomans defeated the Safavids at Vilasa, also known as the Battle of the Torches, and conquered most of the Caucasus including Armenia and Georgia.

Murat III dies after fathering 130 sons and collecting 40 concubines. He is succeeded by his son Mehmet III, who kills his 19 brothers and 20 sisters. However, real power is held by his mother Safiye Sultan.

Widespread Celali revolts erupt throughout Anatolia, challenging Ottoman authority and causing instability in the region.

Artistic developments in the Ottoman Empire after the year 1600, showcasing the evolution of Ottoman art and culture during this period.

Sunullah Efendi leads a revolt involving religious students and the Sipahi cavalry against the Ottoman sultan. The rebels are ultimately massacred.

In 1608, Mehmet III passes away and his 13-year-old son Ahmet I ascends to the Ottoman throne with power held by his mother and the chief eunuch.

In 1609, the construction of the Blue Mosque, commissioned by Ahmed I, begins in Istanbul as a twin to the nearby Santa Sophia.

In 1612, the Ottomans brutally suppress the Celali rebels, resulting in a massacre of the insurgents.

Sultan Ahmet I, despite facing challenges and being perceived as a weak ruler, left a lasting legacy through the construction of the Blue Mosque. The mosque's beauty and intricate tile work stand as a testament to his reign, which occurred during a period of Ottoman decline.

Ottoman Sultan Ahmet I passes away, leading to his brother Mustafa I succeeding him. Mustafa, who had no prior ruling experience due to being kept in isolation during childhood, becomes the new sultan.

A coup orchestrated by the chief eunuch takes place, resulting in the replacement of Ottoman Sultan Mustafa I.

Osman II is deposed by the Janissaries and Mustafa is restored as the Ottoman sultan.

A coup led by soldiers deposes Mustafa and places 11-year-old Murat IV as the Ottoman sultan, with actual power held by his mother Kosem Sultan and the chief eunuch.

The Ottomans officially abolish the devshirme system, which involved the recruitment of Christian boys to be trained as soldiers or administrators in the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottomans capture the island of Crete, consolidating their control over the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Sea.

Further capitulations were granted in 1673, continuing the liberal trade policy of the Ottoman Empire and opening it to foreign imports.

The Hundred Year War started in 1682 between the Hapsburg monarchy and the Ottoman empire, marking a significant period of conflict between the two powers.

Vienna is under siege by Ottoman Turks in 1683.

The Ottomans suffer a significant defeat at the Battle of Vienna, marking the start of their decline.

In 1695, Russia captured Azov on the Black Sea from the Ottomans, putting an end to Ottoman's domination of the Black Sea region.

The Treaty of Karlowitz is signed, marking the end of the Great Turkish War and resulting in territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire.

In 1714, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Venice as a retaliation for territorial losses suffered during the Great Turkish War of 1684-1699, escalating tensions in the region.

In 1718, Damat Ibrahim became the grand vizier of the Ottomans, initiating a period known as 'The Tuluo Period' characterized by peace and Westernization efforts.

Ibrahim Muteferrika successfully advocated for the introduction of the printing press in the Ottoman Empire, leading to the publication of non-religious books and a significant advancement in communication and knowledge dissemination.

In 1729, the Ottoman Empire successfully conquered Tabriz, Armenia, and Georgia from Iran, expanding its territorial control in the region.

The first book ever printed in a Muslim country was in 1730 in the Ottoman Empire, marking a significant milestone in the history of printing and literacy in the region.

Educational and technological reforms in the Ottoman Empire led to the establishment of institutions like the Istanbul Technical University, aiming to modernize and advance knowledge in various fields.

The Treaty of Belgrade was signed in 1739, ending the Austro-Turkish War and solidifying Ottoman control over the Balkans.

The Treaty of Belgrade ended the Austro-Russian–Turkish War, resulting in the Ottoman Empire regaining northern Bosnia, Habsburg Serbia, Oltenia, and parts of the Banat of Temeswar, while losing the port of Azov to Russia.

In 1740, the Ottoman Empire further lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports, maintaining its open trade policy.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was provoked by Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamakas' actions in Balta, leading to a conflict that ended with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca granting freedom of worship to Christian citizens in Ottoman-controlled provinces.

In 1774, the Tulip Period came to an end as Patrona Halil led a rebellion against the Ottomans, resulting in the execution of grand vizier Damat Ibrahim and the rise of Sultan Mahmut I. The rebels caused chaos and fear in Istanbul during this period.

In 1785, around one-sixth of the Egyptian population died from the plague, causing a major demographic disruption.

In 1787, the Russians defeated the Ottomans and gained control of cities in the Black Sea and Caucasus regions. This marked the first instance of the Ottoman Empire losing Muslim territories to a Christian power, allowing Russia to construct a Christian Orthodox church in Istanbul.

By 1792, the Ottomans successfully restored central government authority over Egypt, consolidating their control over the region.

In 1793, Russia emerged victorious against the Ottomans, securing Southern Ukraine up to the Dniester River as the new border between the two powers.

In 1798, Ottoman sultan Selim III proclaims a new order within the empire.

By 1800, the population of the Ottoman Empire had grown to 25-32 million, with significant numbers in the European, Asiatic, and African provinces.

In 1801, Napoleon tries to conquer Egypt from the Ottomans, leading to the Battle of the Pyramids and disrupting the traditional alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire.

Egypt effectively gained independence in 1805, breaking away from Ottoman control. Later, the British took over Egypt along with Cyprus.

In 1806, Karageorge captures Belgrade and secures limited independence for Serbia within the Ottoman empire.

In 1807, Sultan Selim III was overthrown and imprisoned in his palace due to the weakened state of the Ottoman Empire. The internal unrest, weak leadership, and resistance to change among citizens contributed to the decline of the empire.

After the conservative resurgence under Sultan Mustafa IV, Mahmud II came to power in 1808. He would be the last great hope of the Ottoman Empire, working towards recentralizing the government and consolidating power.

Mustafa IV becomes the new ruler.

The Wahhabi rebels led by the al-Saud family revolted against the Ottomans in 1811, leading to a conflict that the Ottomans struggled to defeat.

Russians defeat the Ottomans and annex Bessarabia (Moldovia) at the Peace of Bucharest.

In 1818, the Ottoman Empire sent a large expeditionary force armed with modern artillery to besiege Diriyah, a major city in the Arabian Peninsula, due to suspicions of the growing power of the Al-Saud rulers.

In 1818, the Ottoman Empire sent a large expeditionary force armed with modern artillery to the western region of Arabia to besiege Diriyah, one of the largest cities in the peninsula. The Ottomans leveled the city with field guns, making it permanently uninhabitable.

The Greek War of Independence commences, leading to the eventual liberation of Greece from Ottoman rule.

In 1826, Ottoman emperor Mahmud II carried out a massacre of the janissaries, stripped the ulema of political power, and expelled the Sufis as part of his reform efforts.

In 1828, the first steamship arrived at Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, marking a significant technological advancement and change in transportation.

In 1829, Russia defeated the Ottomans and played a role in helping Serbia and Greece gain independence, reshaping the geopolitical landscape of the region.

In 1830, the suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was officially acknowledged.

Muhammad Ali of Egypt revolted against Sultan Mahmud II in 1831, leading to the first Egyptian-Ottoman War (1831–1833) where Muhammad Ali's army, under Ibrahim Pasha, marched towards Constantinople.

By 1832, the Ottoman Empire was forced to grant independence to Greece, marking the beginning of a series of compromises and reforms.

The Convention of Kütahya was signed in 1833, where Muhammad Ali agreed to abandon his campaign against the Sultan in exchange for governorships and tax collection rights in various provinces.

In 1836, the Ottomans and Russia signed a peace treaty at Hunkar Iskelesi, ending a period of conflict and establishing diplomatic relations.

In 1839, the Sublime Porte attempted to regain control over Egypt from Muhammad Ali, leading to the second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839–1841) which ended with Ottoman victory and restoration of suzerainty.

Muhammad Ali, officially viceroy for the Turkish sultan, establishes his own ruling dynasty on the throne of Egypt.

In 1841, Sultan Abdul Majid I introduced secular law alongside sharia, granting equal rights to non-Muslims and banning the slave trade, marking a significant shift in Ottoman legal and social policies.

Russian tsar, Nicholas I, refers to Turkey as 'the sick man of Europe' during the Crimean War.

American inventor Samuel Morse received an Ottoman patent for the telegraph in 1847, granted by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the invention.

The Straits Convention was an agreement among Russia, Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and the Ottomans that restricted Russian access to the Mediterranean, leading to the Ottoman Empire relying on British and French protection from Russia.

In 1860, İbrahim Şinasi wrote the first modern Turkish play called Şair Evlenmesi (The Poet's Marriage). This marked a significant development in the Ottoman literary scene.

The Crimean War was a conflict where Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire fought against Russia. It was significant as it marked the first major war where Christian countries supported a Muslim country.

The Vilayets were introduced in 1864 as part of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire. This new administrative system established a hierarchy of units, including vilayets, sanjaks, kazas, and village councils.

In 1865, the Ottoman Empire launched a campaign to expand its influence into the Arabian Peninsula, capturing parts of the Second Saudi State ruled by Abdulrahman bin Faisal Al-Saud.

In 1870, the University of Istanbul was established, marking a significant milestone in education in the Ottoman Empire.

Due to mounting debts and financial pressures, the Ottoman Empire declared bankruptcy in 1875, leading to the control of its debt by the Ottoman Public Debt Administration dominated by European powers.

In 1876, the Ottoman Empire implemented a new constitution and appointed Abduinamid II as the ruler.

The Ottoman constitution was declared, however, it was mostly disregarded by the sultan.

Russia invaded Ottoman territories, leading to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 which resulted in significant territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire.

British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli advocated restoring Ottoman territories on the Balkan Peninsula during the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In return, Britain assumed the administration of Cyprus.

The Ottoman parliament gathered for the first time in history.

A German military mission was established in the Ottoman Empire in 1883.

In 1886, the Ottoman Empire had its first submarine built at the shipyard in Barrow, England, showcasing efforts to strengthen its naval capabilities.

Due to the inability to pay interests on its debt, the Ottoman Empire accepted foreign debt administration.

On June 13, 1890, the Ottoman Empire received the Order of Distinction.

Ottoman army and navy officers establish the Committee of Union and Progress, also known as the Young Turks, aiming for reform and modernization within the empire.

A railway connecting Bosphorus to Ankara is officially opened, enhancing transportation and trade within the Ottoman Empire.

In 1897, the Ottoman Empire had a population of 19 million, with significant Muslim majority. The empire lost nominal authority over territories like Egypt, Tunisia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Lebanon.

Mustafa Kemal, later known as Atatürk, establishes the Fatherland Society, a precursor to his leadership in the Turkish War of Independence and the founding of the Republic of Turkey.

The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire aimed to restore the constitution and bring about political reform. It led to the return of the Ottoman Parliament and the beginning of a period of constitutional rule.

The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 led by the Committee of Union and Progress established the Second Constitutional Era in the Ottoman Empire.

On July 24, 1908, the 'Young Turk' Revolution took place in Salonika. The Committee of Union and Progress pressured Abdulhamit to reinstate the Constitution of 1876 and reconvene the Parliament.

In 1909, Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II granted a parliamentary constitution and appointed Kamil as grand vizier, although the real power was held by the Young Turks led by Enver, Jemal, and Talat.

On April 23, 1909, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) took control and forced Sultan Abdülhamid II to abdicate. This event followed an insurrection spearheaded by reactionary troops and marked a pivotal moment in the political history of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1910, the Ottoman Navy Foundation was established to purchase new ships through public donations. This initiative was part of the efforts to strengthen the Ottoman naval force following the Young Turk Revolution.

The Ottoman Aviation School, known as Tayyare Mektebi, was founded on July 3, 1912, in Yesilkoy. This institution played a crucial role in training Ottoman flight officers and advancing the military aviation program.

In the Treaty of Lausanne (1912) signed on 18 October 1912, the Ottoman government had to surrender Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to the Kingdom of Italy, forming present-day Libya.

In May 1913, the Ottoman Aviation School initiated the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program. This program aimed to enhance the reconnaissance capabilities of the Ottoman military aviation.

Despite efforts to reinforce and stabilize the Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Paris, the rising tide of nationalism within Ottoman territory eventually led to the Empire's downfall in 1914.

On November 2, 1914, Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

Britain and France declare war on the Ottoman Empire on November 5, 1914.

During World War I, the Ottoman Empire carried out a genocide against the Armenian population, resulting in the death of an estimated one million Armenians.

The Ottoman Empire initiates the massacre of 1.2 million Armenian Christians.

Ottoman troops under Mustafa Kemal achieve victory over the British forces at Gallipoli.

Mehmed V awarded the Second Class Knight Order of Osmanieh to an individual in the Ottoman Empire in February 1916.

Mehmed V awarded the Second Class Knight Order of the Medjidie to an individual in the Ottoman Empire in December 1916.

Mehmed V awarded the Golden Imtiyaz Medal to an individual in the Ottoman Empire in September 1917.

Mehmed V awarded the First Class Knight Order of the Medjidie to an individual in the Ottoman Empire in December 1917.

World War I concluded in 1918 with the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, marking the end of Islamic empires.

World War I concluded in 1918 with the defeat and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, marking the end of the last Islamic empire.

Mehmed VI awarded the Gallipoli Star to an individual in the Ottoman Empire in May 1918.

On July 3, 1918, Sultan Mehmet V passed away, and Vahdettin ascended the throne as Mehmet VI.

In May 1919, Istanbul was occupied and divided by British, French, and Italian troops after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.

The successful Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk against the occupying Allies resulted in the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy in 1922, formally ending the Ottoman Empire.

Turkey and Greece agree to exchange populations, resulting in more than one million Greeks leaving Turkey's Anatolia and 356,000 Turks leaving Greece.

The Caliphate was abolished in 1924.

The office of the caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924 by the Republic of Turkey, leading to the exile of the last caliph, Abdülmecid II, to France.

Historians led by Mehmet Fuat Köprülü championed the Ghaza thesis, which posited that the early Ottoman state was a continuation of the nomadic Turkic tribes' way of life, with significant cultural influences from Persia.

A book written by Stanford J. Shaw in 1976.

Ágoston's book published in 2005 explores the military power and weapons industry in the Ottoman Empire.

A book written by Caroline Finkel in 2007.

A book written by John Freely in 2009.