Mahatma Gandhi, the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement, was born on October 2, 1869. He played a pivotal role in India's struggle for freedom through nonviolent civil disobedience.

Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869.

Gandhi moves with his family to Rajkot, India where he begins primary school.

Mohandes Gandhi enters high school in Rajkot.

At the age of 13, Gandhi marries Kasturba Kapadia, who later becomes an active participant in her husband's civil disobedience campaigns.

The marriage of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

At the age of 13, Gandhi marries 14 year-old Kasturbai Makhanji. Following the customs of their region, the children are part of an arranged marriage. They will have four children together.

In 1885, Karamchand Gandhi, the father of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, passed away.

On September 4, 1888, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi departed for England to pursue his law studies.

On September 19, Gandhi was chosen to be a part of the Executive Committee of the London Vegetarian Society.

Gandhi took Matriculation examination from January 13-18 in 1890. This was an important step in his education and personal development.

Gandhi attended the Vegetarian Congress at Ventor from January 23-30 in 1890. This event may have influenced his beliefs and practices regarding vegetarianism.

The result of Gandhi's Matriculation examination was published on February 19, 1890. He failed in Latin, which may have been a setback for him at the time.

On 12 January, 1891, Mahatma Gandhi passed the Law examination.

Delivered the first speech to a Vegetarian Society meeting, marking the beginning of involvement in promoting vegetarianism.

Became an associate member of London Theosophical Society and enrolled in the Blavatsky Lodge, indicating an interest in theosophy.

On June 10, 1891, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi successfully passed the bar exam in England.

Enrolled in the High Court, further advancing the individual's legal career.

On 12 June, 1891, Mahatma Gandhi set sail for home.

In 6 July, 1891, Mahatma Gandhi was introduced to Raychandbhai in India, whom he regarded as his Guru.

Mahatma Gandhi applied for enrollment in the Bombay High Court on November 16, 1891.

On May 24, 1892, Mahatma Gandhi came to Bombay to start his practice in the High Court as a Barrister.

Gandhi travels to South Africa to work for a Muslim Indian law firm, marking a significant turning point in his life and activism. This experience would greatly influence his future work and philosophy.

Gandhi advised the people to send a petition to the Colonial Secretary in an effort to stop a Bill that was passed, showcasing his strategic approach to challenging unjust legislation and advocating for the rights of the Indian community in South Africa.

Gandhi led the submission of a petition signed by 10,000 Indians to the Secretary of State for Colonies, demonstrating his leadership and commitment to representing the interests of the Indian community in South Africa.

Gandhi played a pivotal role in founding the Natal Indian Congress, assuming the position of the first honorary secretary and laying the groundwork for organized activism and advocacy for Indian rights in South Africa.

Gandhi successfully defended Gope Maharaj in his first case in South Africa, marking the beginning of his impactful legal career and his dedication to upholding justice for the Indian community.

Gandhi publishes a 56-page article in The Vegetarian on March 24, 1894 in England.

On 22nd May 1894, Mahatma Gandhi proposed the formation of an organization to protect the interests of Indians and to oppose color discrimination against them in South Africa.

In 1894, Mohandes Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress, an organization aimed at advocating for the rights of Indian South Africans. This event marked an important step in Gandhi's activism for equality and justice.

Despite opposition from the Natal Law Society, Mahatma Gandhi was admitted to the Natal Supreme Court on September 3, 1894.

Gandhi wrote a letter in the Natal Advertiser from Pretoria, addressing important issues and advocating for the rights and standards of living of Indian traders. This event showcased Gandhi's commitment to social justice and equality.

The European Protection Association was established in Pietermaritzburg with the aim of restricting Indian immigration and enforcing the repatriation of indentured laborers whose contracts had expired.

Gandhi writes a letter to Natal Advertiser defending the Indian practice and providing a brief overview of the Indian population in Natal.

On November 26, a mass meeting of Europeans in Durban denounced Gandhi and formed the Colonial Patriotic Union, expressing their opposition to the Indian community.

Gandhi sent a telegram to the Viceroy to highlight the Transvaal Government's directive to compel Indians to reside in specific locations. He also departed from India with his family on the S.S. Courland for Natal.

The two ships, S.S. Courland and Naderi, arrived in Durban on December 18.

The Natal Government declared Bombay as an infected port and enforced a five-day quarantine on the S.S. Courland and Naderi upon their arrival.

Gandhi represented British Indian merchants in an arbitration case, showcasing his legal expertise and commitment to advocating for the rights of the Indian community in South Africa.

The Times of London recognizes Gandhi as a commendable defender of his fellow Indian subjects, acknowledging his significant contributions to advocating for the rights and welfare of the Indian community.

Gandhi appeals to the Natal Assembly against the re-indenture clause in the Indian Immigration Bill, advocating for the rights of Indian immigrants.

Gandhi requests the Viceroy of India to safeguard Indians from disabilities, demonstrating his commitment to advocating for the welfare of Indian citizens.

Gandhi successfully secures the release of Balasundram, an indentured Indian, showcasing his dedication to fighting for the rights and freedom of Indian laborers.

On June 22, 1896, Gandhi's second brother, Karsandas, passed away at Rajkot.

Gandhi petitions the Legislative Council against clauses in the Immigration Bill that negatively impact indentured Indians, highlighting his ongoing efforts to protect the rights of Indian immigrants.

Gandhi wrote to the Minister of Interior expressing willingness to negotiate in order to avoid passive resistance on June 28, 1896.

Gandhi publishes a pamphlet called 'The Green Pamphlet' addressing the discrimination faced by Indians in South Africa. This publication leads to the British authorities perceiving Gandhi as a troublemaker.

On July 15, 1896, regulations under the Immigration Regulation Act were officially published.

Gandhi returned from Rand on July 19, 1896, due to Smuts' inability to hold talks because of the strike situation.

Gokhale cabled Gandhi about his plan to sail from England to South Africa on October 5.

Gokhale was appointed as a member of the Royal Commission on Indian Public Services.

Gandhi spoke at a banquet hosted by the Johannesburg Tamil community in honor of V. A. Chettiar.

Gandhi sends a detailed memorial to Chamberlain objecting to the £3 tax on time-expired indentured Indians, demonstrating his advocacy against unjust policies affecting Indian laborers.

Rev. Joseph J. Doke passed away at Umtali on August 15, 1896.

Gandhi drew attention to a second outbreak of smallpox in Johannesburg and called for help to Dr. Porter in fighting the disease in his writing in Indian Opinion.

Gandhi spoke at Johannesburg Theosophical Lodge and opposed compulsory segregation of coloured races as a measure to check smallpox in an interview to The Transvaal Leader.

On August 23, 1896, Gandhi wrote in Indian Opinion about Rev. Joseph J. Doke.

Gandhi spoke at a British Indian Association meeting where he announced the Aga Khan's intention to visit South and East Africa.

The Franchise Bill is denied Imperial assent due to the exclusion of Indians based on racial grounds, reflecting the discriminatory practices faced by Indians during that time.

The publication of 'The Green Pamphlet' by Gandhi, which highlighted the discrimination against Indians in South Africa, resulted in the British authorities viewing Gandhi as a troublemaker. This event marked a significant turning point in Gandhi's activism.

Gandhi publishes a booklet titled 'The Indian Franchise, An Appeal to Every Briton in South Africa,' aiming to raise awareness and garner support for the Indian franchise rights in South Africa.

Gandhi delivers a Christmas dinner speech on board Courland, criticizing western values and commending eastern values.

Europeans of Durban advertise a meeting for 4 January in response to the arrival of the Naderi and Courland, planning a demonstration against Indians landing. Newspapers are full of 'Asiatic invasion' stories, and Gandhi is accused of planning to swamp Natal with Indians.

On January 13, 1897, Gandhi arrived at the docks and was assaulted by European youth. Mrs. Alexander, wife of the Superintendent of police, came to his rescue. A European mob later threatened to burn down Rustomjee's residence, prompting Gandhi to escape disguised as a constable with the help of Superintendent Alexander.

The Colonial Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain instructs the Attorney General, Harry Escombe, to charge Gandhi's assailants, but Gandhi declines to charge them.

On February 23, 1897, Gandhi explained the Transvaal struggle at a meeting of Kathiawad Arya Mandal in Durban. He discussed the challenges and objectives of the struggle in the Transvaal region.

On February 26, 1897, Gandhi wrote in Indian Opinion, expressing support for Dr. Abdurahman and the Cape Coloured people who were facing disfranchisement. He also spoke at a Durban Indian Society meeting in honor of passive resisters.

On March 11, 1897, Gandhi accompanied a group of passive resisters to the Transvaal to deliberately violate immigration laws as part of their nonviolent resistance against unjust regulations.

A memorial was sent to Chamberlain regarding an anti-Indian demonstration on this date.

On March 17, 1897, the President and Secretaries of Natal Indian Congress forwarded a petition to the Colonial Secretary against the Immigration Law Amendment Bill, representing the interests and concerns of the Indian community in South Africa.

Gandhi petitions the Natal Legislature against pending anti-Indian bills.

On April 4, 1897, Gandhi wrote a letter to Leo Tolstoy, enclosing a copy of Indian Home Rule for his comments. This correspondence reflects Gandhi's efforts to seek guidance and support for India's self-governance.

On April 17, 1897, Tongaat Sugar Co. successfully applied to the Immigration Trust Board to indenture artisans from India.

The Revised Franchise Bill, re-introduced in the Natal Parliament on April 18, 1897, excluded Indians on the grounds that they did not have franchise in their own country.

On April 25, 1897, Gandhi wrote to Gokhale, furnishing accounts of the Satyagraha Fund and providing a breakdown of the funds obtained from various sources. This demonstrates Gandhi's commitment to transparency and accountability in managing the financial resources for the resistance movement.

On June 5, 1897, Gandhi left Durban for India via Calcutta.

Gandhi attends the opening of a library established by the Natal Indian Congress on Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Day.

Indians gathered at the residence of Sheth Abdulla to oppose the Franchise Bill, with Gandhi outlining his plan during the meeting.

Gandhi submitted a petition to the Natal Legislative Assembly.

Gandhi led a deputation to Sir John Robinson, the Premier and Colonial Secretary of the Colony of Natal.

Gandhi wrote a circular letter to the legislators.

Gandhi led a deputation to the Governor of Natal, Sir Walter Francis Hely Hutchinson.

Gandhi sent a second petition to the Natal Legislative Council.

Gandhi communicated with Dadabhai Naoroji, a member of the British Committee of the Congress in London, seeking assistance for the Indian residents in South Africa.

On July 9, 1897, Gandhi got involved in plague prevention work in Rajkot.

Gandhi writes a circular letter to the public in Britain and India on discriminations against Indians.

Following a protest meeting of whites in Pietermaritzburg and Durban, Tongaat-Hulett Co. withdrew its application for indentured artisans from India on August 11, 1897.

On August 14, 1897, Gandhi published the Green Pamphlet in Rajkot.

Gandhi wrote a letter from Johannesburg to the Private Secretary to the Minister of Interior expressing concern that the official interpretation of a new Act threatened the 'existing and acquired rights' of Indians.

Maganlal Gandhi was served with summons for employing Sarjoo, an Indian ex-indentured laborer convicted for failure to pay arrears of £3 tax. Polak also left England for South Africa during this time.

Gandhi telegraphed the Private Secretary to the Minister of Interior on the question of polygamous marriages, and considered the resumption of passive resistance imperative if an amendment of the law was not enacted.

Cachalia informed the Government of Indians' decision to resume passive resistance, indicating a significant shift in the approach to the prevailing circumstances.

Gandhi successfully defends Indians charged with being prohibited immigrants on this date.

Passive resistance was revived, and a pioneer party of passive resisters, including Kasturba Gandhi, left Durban for Volksrust by train to cross the border. Additionally, prominent Transvaal Indian merchants resolved to fight against the Gold Law and Townships Act.

On September 16, 1897, Europeans of Durban set up the European Protection Committee in response to Reuter's report on the Green Pamphlet as published in local papers.

Mahatma Gandhi made representations to the Natal Government to allow Indian refugees from the Transvaal during the South African War, seeking assistance for those affected by the conflict.

Gandhiji joined the Ambulance Corps during the outbreak of the Boer War on October 17, 1899.

On October 18, 1899, Mahatma Gandhi started for India, assuring to return to South Africa if his service were to be needed.

Mahatma Gandhi addressed a meeting in honour of Indian Stretcher Bearers at Harry Escombe's residence, recognizing and appreciating their vital role in the war effort.

Mahatma Gandhi left for the front with the ambulance corps, showing his dedication to providing medical aid and support in the midst of the conflict.

Mahatma Gandhi moved a resolution on South Africa at the Calcutta Congress session on December 27, 1901.

At the growing pressure from Indians in South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi returned to South Africa on November 20, 1902.

Gandhi explained correspondence with Smuts regarding Provisional Settlement and advised acceptance of proposals. The meeting decided to call off passive resistance if Smuts fulfilled his pledges and to send H.S.L. Polak to England in place of Gandhi and A.M. Cachalia.

In an interview to The Star about Provisional Settlement, Gandhi announced his intention to retire from public life after the finalization of the Settlement.

Gandhi met Lane and gave a letter to Lane, seeking Smuts' confirmation on the terms of the Settlement and making requests for various matters including the registration of R.M. Sodha and the release of Chinese prisoners.

Gandhi wrote to Lane regarding categories of Indians and Chinese who might apply for voluntary registration. He also wrote to A.E. Chotabhai thanking him for £300 sent for professional services and expressing his intention to hand over Phoenix to trustees for the school there.

Gandhi wrote to H.S.L. Polak giving him an estimate of expenses for his visit to England and India and informing him of Smuts' favorable response to the demands of passive resisters.

Mahatma Gandhi took over the entire management responsibility of 'Indian Opinion' on 1st October, 1904.

Gandhi introduces the philosophy of Satyagraha, a non-violent form of protest, which later became a key principle in the Indian independence movement and inspired civil rights leaders around the world.

Gandhi informed Gokhale about the establishment of the Passive Resistance Fund Account in Natal Bank, which was created to hold funds for the purpose of passive resistance against discriminatory laws in South Africa.

Gandhi devoted nearly £5,000 of his earnings to the continuance of Indian Opinion and the establishment of Phoenix, representing a personal debt from European friends and clients to support the struggle against adverse circumstances.

The Boer Republic Transvaal, under British control, attempts to register all Indians, but Gandhi and others refuse to register. This resistance marks the first use of nonviolent non-cooperation by the Indian minority in South Africa, known as satyagraha, or 'soul-force.'

Gandhi wrote in the Indian Opinion expressing his support for the decision of Germiston Indians to oppose the move by the Town Council to prohibit their trading in Georgetown Location.

In a letter to Dr. Pranjivan Mehta, Gandhi mentioned that he was preparing himself for work in India.

Gandhi indicated in an interview with The Transvaal Leader that the struggle would involve around a hundred resisters and mentioned instances of passive resistance by crossing the border and hawking without permits.

Gandhi refuted The Transvaal Leader's report that influential Indian merchants were opposed to passive resistance. Several individuals were deported, re-arrested, and sentenced for their involvement in passive resistance.

Anjuman Islam held a meeting at Grey Street Mosque in Durban, passing a resolution protesting against marriage laws. Additionally, Polak arrived in Johannesburg and was interviewed by the Rand Daily Mail.

Gandhi addressed a meeting of the Patidar Association in Johannesburg, where a resolution supporting passive resistance was adopted. Similar meetings were also held at Germiston and Pietermaritzburg.

Two Mohammedan women from Durban crossed the border at Volksrust and were subsequently arrested.

Gandhi wrote a letter to Harilal Gandhi, mentioning the invitation to preside at the Indian National Congress.

In a letter to Dr. Pranjivan Mehta, Gandhi mentioned his acceptance of the invitation to preside at the Indian National Congress on the condition that his presence was necessary and his freedom was not compromised. He also expressed his intention to go to India once matters were settled in South Africa.

Gandhi informed Dr. Mehta that the cable regarding the presidency was an inquiry, not an invitation.

Gandhi wrote to Gokhale requesting help for Manilal Doctor in his efforts against the indenture system.

Gandhi wrote to Gokhale inviting him to visit South Africa and also explained the misunderstanding over the presidency of the Indian National Congress.

In the Indian Opinion, Gandhi expressed his resolve to fight against the £3 tax and called for funds to help the famine-stricken in India.

Gandhi is arrested for the first time for his refusal to register with the government in South Africa. He spends his time in prison reading and becomes more committed to peaceful resistance after reading 'Civil Disobedience' by Henry David Thoreau.

Gandhi is arrested and sentenced to two months in prison.

Parsi Rustomji and other passive resisters were charged at Volksrust as prohibited immigrants under a new Act. Gandhi wrote to Harilai Gandhi in India to return to South Africa with his wife, ready for imprisonment as a passive resister.

Kasturba, along with other passive resisters, was arrested and sentenced to three months' imprisonment with hard labour, while other passive resisters received sentences ranging from one to three months.

Gandhi asserted in Indian Opinion that the £3 tax was the crux of the struggle, emphasizing its importance in the resistance movement.

Gandhi left Durban for Johannesburg, receiving assurances of support from Indians at Maritzburg and Ladysmith. He also refused to leave a compartment reserved for Europeans as ordered by the conductor, resulting in the arrest of Budree and three other passive resisters at Volksrust.

Gandhi wrote to the Minister of Interior about the gravity of the struggle and appealed for reconsideration, highlighting the seriousness of the situation.

Gandhi is arrested again and spends a month in jail.

Gandhi defended his views expressed in Indian Home Rule in response to a letter from W. J Wybergh, M.L.A., of the Transvaal, highlighting the importance of passive resistance.

Between 13th and 22nd November 1909, Mahatma Gandhi wrote 'Hind Swaraj' in Gujarati on board S.S.Kildonan Castle while traveling from London to South Africa.

Indian Opinion newspaper was reduced in size due to financial reasons.

Gandhi had an interview with Rev. Charles Phillips and J C. Gibson after their conversations with Lord Selborne, High Commissioner of the Transvaal.

Gokhale wrote to Gandhi giving him discretion over the disposal of remitted sums.

The Natal Legislative Assembly passed the Indian Immigration (Licences) Act Amendment Bill.

In Gandhi's office, Mrs. Amacanoo and Mrs. Packirsamy took off their ornaments, vowing not to wear them until the struggle was over.

Gandhi delivered a speech at the Cantonese Club in Johannesburg during a Chinese reception held in honor of Rev. J. J. Doke before his departure for America.

Gandhi spoke at a banquet held in the Masonic Hall in honor of Rev. Doke.

Gandhi addressed a meeting of the Natal Indian Congress in Durban.

Gandhi organizes a volunteer ambulance corps of 300 free Indians and 800 indentured labourers called the Indian Ambulance Corps to support the war effort and legitimize Indians' claims to full citizenship.

In a letter to the Press, Gandhi expressed his discontent with the advent of Union, describing it as a combination of hostile forces against Asiatics, and stated that it was not a cause for rejoicing.

Kallenbach and Gandhi reached an agreement to settle on the Tolstoy Farm, which was offered for the use of passive resisters and their families during the Transvaal struggle.

Gandhi made an appeal for gifts to help the settlers at Tolstoy Farm, which was intended for the passive resisters and their families during the Transvaal struggle.

Gandhi commented on Churchill's statement in the Commons, where Churchill had given instructions that all persons imprisoned as passive resisters or suffragettes should be spared unnecessary degradation.

Gandhi transmitted Lord Morley's communication of July 22 to Lord Gladstone, Secretary of State for Colonies, emphasizing that anything offending the religious susceptibilities of Indians could be a serious and permanent obstacle to a settlement.

Gandhi wrote a letter to Tolstoy, the renowned Russian writer and philosopher, in August 1910.

Tolstoy wrote to Gandhi, expressing support for passive resistance.

Gandhi departed for Durban to welcome Polak and other passive resisters who were deported from India. This event marked Gandhi's commitment to supporting and advocating for the rights of Indian deportees.

Gandhi delivered speeches at two separate gatherings, one for colonial-born Indians and another at the Kathiawad Arya Mandal meeting, where the discussion revolved around the reception of deportees. This demonstrates Gandhi's active involvement in addressing the issues faced by the Indian community in South Africa.

Gandhi had a meeting with Polak in Durban, who arrived with other deportees from India. This meeting was significant in the context of Gandhi's efforts to support and welcome the deportees, showcasing his dedication to their cause.

Gandhi and other individuals delivered speeches at a reception organized by Kathiawad Arya Mandal to honor Polak and passive resisters. This event highlighted the community's support for the deportees and Gandhi's role in advocating for their rights.

Gandhi corresponded with the Minister of Interior concerning the arrival of deportees, indicating his proactive approach in addressing the issues faced by the deportees and his continuous efforts to seek justice for them.

Narayansami passed away as a result of the hardships endured during deportation. This tragic event shed light on the severe conditions faced by the deportees and the human cost of their plight.

Gandhi delivered a speech at a Chinese function to honor Ritch and Polak, demonstrating his solidarity with individuals who were involved in the cause of justice and equality. This event showcased Gandhi's support for various communities in their struggles.

On board ship, Gandhi promised Gokhale that he would not leave for India without arranging for work to be carried on in South Africa, and in his absence affairs would probably be left in Polak's hands.

Gokhale, Gandhi, and Kallenbach sailed by S.S. President on this day.

In the morning, Gandhi and Kallenbach reached Tongaat, and in the afternoon, they parted from Gokhale.

Gandhi and Kallenbach reached Zanzibar on this day.

Gandhi reached Dar-es-Salaam, landed, and wore Indian dress.

Gandhi delivered a speech at the Socialist Hall in Johannesburg, focusing on Tolstoy and his teachings. This event underscored Gandhi's admiration for Tolstoy's philosophy and his efforts to promote Tolstoy's message of nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi expressed gratitude to G. A. Natesan for his efforts in securing donations and providing assistance to the deportees. This gesture highlighted the collaborative support extended to the deportees and Gandhi's acknowledgment of those who contributed to their cause.

Gandhi arrived in Delagoa Bay but was detained before being permitted to land.

Gandhi arrived in Johannesburg and went to Lawley.

Gandhi left for Durban on this day.

Gandhi sought clarification on whether Asiatics who pass an education test could enter and remain in the Transvaal without being liable to take out registration under Act 36 of 1908.

Lane stated that Asiatics admitted as immigrants under the new Immigration Bill would not fall under registration laws and would not be restricted to provincial limits.

The Natal Indian Congress meeting passed a resolution against the Immigration Bill.

A mass meeting of Indians at Cape Town protested against the Immigration Bill.

Petitions of the Cape, Natal, and the Transvaal Indians were presented to Parliament.

The telegram requested an amendment of the Immigrants' Restriction Bill to remove color or racial bar, provide protection to wives and minor children of legal residents, and allow entry of a limited number of cultured Chinese into the Union.

On May 18, Gandhi wrote to Minister of Interior asking for Smuts' answer to his proposals regarding Provisional Settlement contained in his letter of April 29, 1911.

On May 19, Smuts informed Gandhi about the conditions for passive resisters and Asiatics regarding registration and the release of passive resistance prisoners.

Gandhi advised Natal Indians to support Dr. Murison's campaign against tuberculosis in Durban through his writing in Indian Opinion.

Gandhi wrote to the Secretary for Interior, expressing his intention to complete the list of passive resisters covered by Provisional Settlement by August 21, 1911.

Gandhi addressed a meeting in Johannesburg, explaining L.W. Ritch's willingness to face imprisonment to protect Indians' rights of equitable ownership in Krugersdorp.

Gandhi congratulated L.W. Ritch and the Transvaal Indians for resisting the Government's attempts to oust Indian merchants under Gold Law and Townships Act through his writing in Indian Opinion.

Gandhi forwarded a revised, though not yet final, list of Indians covered by Provisional Settlement to the Registrar of Asiatics.

Gandhi addressed a meeting in Johannesburg held to celebrate Dadabhai Naoroji's birthday.

Gandhi wrote to Maganlal Gandhi, declaring that money spent by individuals in constructing houses on their share of Phoenix land could not be returned to them.

Natal Indian leaders formed 'The Anti-£3 Tax League' in Durban.

Gandhi wrote to Lane expressing his intention to seek legal opinion regarding the UIRB (1912) and the matter of appeal to law courts.

Gandhi telegraphed the Registrar of Asiatics regarding visiting permits for Khoja representatives of the Aga Khan.

Gandhi wrote to Lane informing him of Counsel's opinion on UIRB (1912) and requested that the defects might be remedied.

Gandhi commended Gokhale's efforts to get resolution on total abolition of indenture passed in the Imperial Legislative Council in the Indian Opinion.

Gandhi wrote a public letter to Ratan Tata, giving an account of receipts and expenditure of Passive Resistance funds.

Gandhi received a letter from Lane enclosing a proposed change in Section 28 of UIRB (1912) and informing him of Smuts' intention to settle the question of domicile.

The Phoenix Trust deed was published in the Indian Opinion, resulting in Gandhi no longer being the sole legal owner of the International Printing Press, where the Indian Opinion was printed. Gandhi had donated all his earlier earnings for the continuance of the Indian Opinion and the establishment of Phoenix. Additionally, the discontinuance of advertisements in the Indian Opinion was announced.

An Indian reception was held at Constantia Hall, where Gokhale and Gandhi were present. This event was followed by the presentation of addresses at various places, with leading Europeans in attendance.

Gandhi left for Durban on this day.

Gandhi arrived in Johannesburg on this date.

Indian Opinion announced Gandhi's decision to go to India around the middle of the year if the expected Immigration Bill was passed in the forthcoming session of Parliament.

Gandhi criticized the provisions of the Immigration Bill in the Indian Opinion publication, particularly focusing on the power vested in immigration officers to determine domiciliary rights and the removal of the right of judicial appeal. He also expressed concerns about the impact on the existing rights of interprovincial movement of educated persons.

Gandhi received a reply from the Secretary for Interior regarding the Immigration Bill, where assurances were given regarding the appeal to law courts and the consideration of Section 8 of the Bill. There was also an appeal to Gandhi to persuade his compatriots to accept the Bill, to which Gandhi responded by requesting an amendment to secure existing legal rights regarding interprovincial immigration of educated Asiatics.

Gandhi communicated with Smuts, expressing the need for assurance of retaining the existing legal position regarding interprovincial immigration of educated Asiatics. He reserved the right to criticize the Bill regarding other features not covered by the Provisional Settlement.

Gandhi severely criticized the policy of Asiatic exclusion and interference with vested rights by the UIRB (1912) in the Indian Opinion publication. He expressed hope that the government would sympathetically consider Indian protests.

Gandhi mentioned in a letter to Gokhale that due to internal troubles in the Botha cabinet, the promised legislation would be postponed, affecting his plans to leave for India around the middle of the year.

Gandhi sent a telegram and wrote to P.S. to Smuts regarding relief under the new Immigration Bill. The Natal Indian Congress opposed the amendment to the new Bill imposing a racial bar against the entry of Asiatics into the Orange Free State.

Lane telegraphed Gandhi that Smuts would consider providing for women and children of persons lawfully resident, but regarded Gandhi's attitude on the Free State question as 'unfair'.

Gandhi telegraphed a reply to P.S. to the Minister of Interior on the Free State question.

The European British Indian Committee meeting at Johannesburg approved Gandhi's latest correspondence with the Minister of Interior regarding the new Immigration Bill and urged the Government to accept the proposed solution.

P.S. to Smuts informed Gandhi that there would be 'no colour or racial bar of any kind whatsoever appearing in the Immigration Bill or any amendment which the Government intend to move'. Regarding the Orange Free State, Smuts proposed leaving the situation as it was under the existing law of the Province.

Gandhi left for Cape Town.

A mass meeting under the auspices of the Natal Indian Congress protested against the new Immigration Bill in Durban.

Gandhi interviewed Smuts at Cape Town.

Gandhi wrote a letter to Lane expressing concerns about the amendments proposed by Smuts to the Immigration Bill, warning about the potential for favoritism, corruption, and bribery if evidence is required to be furnished to immigration officers.

Gandhi delivered a speech at a meeting of the Cape Town United Hindu Association, which was held in honor of L.W. Ritch and himself.

Gandhi expressed concern over the decision of Mr. Justice Searle and the subsequent statement by immigration officer in Natal, which had created consternation among Indians. He urged the Minister to frame a new Immigration Bill to restore the position of wives and revoke the instructions regarding children.

Gandhi attended a meeting of the Cape British Indian Union, where demands for changes in the Union Immigrants' Restriction Bill to protect Cape rights were discussed.

Gandhi telegraphed the Minister of Interior expressing serious objections from the Indian standpoint regarding the new Immigration Bill, as it disturbed several existing rights.

L.W. Ritch began his legal practice in Gandhi's Johannesburg office on this date.

In an interview, Smuts informed Gandhi about the intention to pass the Union Immigrants' Restriction Bill in the current or following session, explaining the reasons and appealing for peace. He also asked Gandhi to agree to the Governor-General having power to make regulations regarding the education test.

Gandhi cabled several individuals reiterating objections to the Immigration Bill and the revival of passive resistance if relief was not granted by the Government.

Gandhi consulted the European Committee about the Immigration Bill and was interviewed by The Star in Johannesburg.

Gandhi wrote in Indian Opinion about the impending third campaign, stating that it would be the purest, the last, and the most brilliant of all.

Sonja Schlesin, Secretary of Transvaal Indian Women's Association, wired the Minister of Interior about the decision to offer satyagraha on the issue of Indian marriages.

Gandhi opened a Hindu temple at Verulam, and the Secretary of State for Colonies cabled the Governor-General urging the immediate enactment of legislation to remove Indians' legal disabilities.

Gandhi publicly criticized the decision of the Transvaal Provincial Council to refuse separate schools for Indians in Johannesburg.

Chaplin wired Gandhi about the Government's acceptance of an amendment as putting the marriage question right.

Gandhi held the amendment insufficient and telegraphed the Minister of Interior, drawing attention to the unfulfilled terms of the Settlement.

Gandhi wired Schreiner and Alexander that the registration of Indian marriages was superfluous in the absence of any case of undesirable women entering South Africa.

Gandhi sent a telegraph to the Minister of Interior stating that marriage certificates were not common in India and that the marriage law should align with the Provisional Settlement terms.

Gandhi wrote in Indian Opinion about the cruel treatment of an indentured Indian woman by her employer and condemned the entire indenture system.

Gandhi released a statement from Durban expressing that the Immigration Bill violated the principal conditions of the 1911 Settlement and hoped that the Senate would retract the measure. Indian women in Winberg also pledged not to carry passes.

In a letter to Gokhale, Gandhi indicated that the date of his return to India would be indefinite if satyagraha was resumed. He also declared the inevitability of passive resistance if grievances were not addressed.

Gandhi, in a letter to Gokhale, explained the implications of the Bill and expressed his preparedness to drop satyagraha if Fischer promised redress of grievances. He also conveyed his anxiety to meet Gokhale in India and learn from him.

Gandhi informed Gokhale that passive resistance against the Immigration law would be started at the beginning of July.

Gandhi telegraphed the Secretary for Interior to inquire about the government's intentions regarding a bill and the future of Provisional Settlement in view of the prorogation of Parliament.

Gandhi arrived in Durban.

Gandhi left Durban for Johannesburg.

Gandhi wrote to Lane to inquire about the government's intentions regarding a bill and the future of Provisional Settlement.

Gandhi is given the title 'Mahatma', meaning 'Great Soul', by Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian poet and Nobel Laureate. This title is significant as it is given by Hindus to only the holiest men, although Gandhi is not fond of it due to his belief in the equality of all souls.

Gandhi was informed by the Acting Secretary for Interior that the government would introduce an amended measure in the next session, and the administration of existing legislation would continue.

Gandhi replied to the Secretary for Interior, stating his understanding that the Provisional Settlement would continue pending the passage of satisfactory legislation, and a certain number of educated Asiatics would be admitted for the year.

Gandhi visited Natal Coalfields near Newcastle and urged indentured Indians to strike until the Government promised to repeal the £3 tax. This led to 78 workers striking, four being arrested and sentenced to two weeks with hard labour, and over 3,000 indentured Indian miners deciding to strike.

Fifteen passive resisters proceeded from Newcastle to Volksrust to court arrest.

At Durban, Gandhi attended a meeting where some Indians criticized his policy.

Eleven Indian women were arrested at Newcastle and sentenced to three months' hard labour under the Vagrancy Act for peacefully advising miners to suspend work.

Gandhi wired Gokhale from Johannesburg that the strikers would resume work if the Government promised to repeal the £3 tax.

On October 29, 1913, Gandhi marched with Ballengeich Indian miners from Ingogo to Volksrust, refusing to accept the Government's directive through mine-owners to resume work. He also informed Gokhale about his intention to court arrest with the strikers and requested assistance to settle Polak in London. Additionally, the NIC charged the Government with bad faith in repudiating the promise to repeal tax, and Pragji Desai was sentenced to three months for trespassing on Newcastle mine property.

On October 30, 1913, Gandhi reached Charlestown with 200 men and telegraphed the Minister of Interior to enquire into the forcible vaccination of women prisoners. He also reported that 5,000 Indians were affected in the strike area, with 4,000 being led and supported, including 300 women and 600 children. Additionally, 300 marchers led by Thambi Naidoo and 200 by Albert Christopher left Newcastle, and some 150 Indians of Ballengeich Colliery were arrested.

On October 31, 1913, Gandhi informed the Secretary of Justice that if Indians who had surrendered themselves were not arrested, they would march into the Transvaal. About 200 men and women led by A. D. Pillay left Newcastle on a march to Volksrust, and another 500 traveled by train.

On November 3, 1913, Gandhi informed Reuter that he considered moving 1,500 men into the Transvaal with the intention of courting arrest. If not arrested, they would proceed to the Tolstoy Farm.

Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian poet and Nobel Laureate, refers to Gandhi as Mahatma for the first time. The title 'Mahatma' means 'Great Soul' and is given by Hindus to only the holiest men. Gandhi is not fond of it because he believes all souls are equal.

Indians in Natal and Transvaal, under Gandhi's leadership, march peacefully in protest of a racist poll tax and marriage laws. The marches continue through the winter.

Indian Opinion published Reuter's news that Gandhi having withdrawn, Pandit Bishen Narayan Dhar would be elected President of Indian National Congress.

Gandhi, in Indian Opinion, condemned as breach of faith, Natal Governments' attempt to realise £3 tax from re-indentured Indians after their circular of April, 1910, granting exemption. Natal Indian Congress wrote to Minister of Justice requesting him to abide by Government circular of April, 1910, and not realise £3 tax from re-indentured Indians.

Gandhi, in Indian Opinion, called on Natal Indians to take steps for abolition of £3 tax.

In a letter to Lane, Gandhi suggested that if general legislation could not be passed in the current session of Union Parliament, Transvaal Immigration Registration Bill (TIRB) should be amended.

In a letter, Gandhi renewed invitation to Gokhale to visit South Africa.

Writing in Indian Opinion, Gandhi asked Indians to contribute liberally to Famine Relief Fund.

Gandhi spoke at a Chinese rally in Johannesburg to pay homage to Alex Benson.

Gandhi saw the draft of UIRB.

Gandhi informed Lane that passive resistance could be suspended if Smuts gave certain assurances regarding the entry of educated Indians and the repeal of certain acts. Smuts expressed his intention to introduce legislation to address these issues.

Gandhi mentioned at a meeting in Kimberley that they were close to finding a solution to the difficult question, indicating progress in the negotiations with Smuts.

Gandhi returned to Johannesburg, possibly to continue the negotiations and discussions with Smuts regarding the settlement of the entry of educated Indians and the suspension of passive resistance.

On May 27, 1914, in the Indian Opinion, Gandhi expressed satisfaction at the Provisional Settlement but warned that passive resistance would be resumed if certain conditions were not met by Smuts. These conditions included the repeal of the Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act (TARA) and the amendment of the Transvaal Immigration Registration Bill (TIRB), or if fresh anti-Asiatic legislation was introduced.

On May 31, 1914, Gandhi wrote to G. A. Natesan expressing satisfaction with the Provisional Settlement and praising Natesan's work.

On June 3, 1914, Gandhi, writing in the Indian Opinion, set forth the achievements of satyagraha up to that date.

On June 21, 1914, Gandhi, along with Natal Indian leaders, met the Mayor of Durban regarding Coronation celebrations.

On June 24, 1914, Gandhi, writing in the Indian Opinion, affirmed loyalty to the King.

The Indian Relief Bill was passed by the Union Senate on June 26, 1914, marking the end of an eight-year struggle. The Act was seen as a mutually satisfactory and honorable resolution to the issues raised by the passive resistance movement.

Gandhi and Smuts, the Prime Minister of the Transvaal, reach an agreement, ending the protests against the government.

On July 8, 1914, Gandhi discussed Justice Wessels' ruling in the Indian Opinion, stating that it was not possible to have laws insulting to any recognized religion in the British Dominions.

Gandhi sails to England for a significant purpose.

On July 31, 1914, a farewell address signed by Gandhi and A.M. Cachalia was presented to H. Kallenbach on his departure for Europe.

Gandhi returns home to India and is welcomed as a hero.

Gandhi and his followers established the Satyagraha Ashram, a religiously-oriented communal farm where they would reside.

In April 1917, Gandhi led the Champaran Satyagraha, a movement against the exploitation of indigo farmers in Champaran, Bihar.

In 1918, Gandhi initiated the Ahemadabad Mill Workers and Kheda Peasant Satyagraha to support the rights of mill workers and peasants in Kheda.

Gandhi returned to India to live.

On April 13, 1919, a tragic massacre occurred at a mass meeting in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, where British forces opened fire on unarmed civilians. Gandhi implored people to remain calm in the aftermath of this horrific event.

The first issue of 'Young India' was published under Gandhi's editorship on October 8, 1919.

Gandhi urges for a period of non-cooperation throughout India.

Gandhi announced a new satyagraha in response to the British plans to intern people suspected of sedition through the Rowlatt Acts.

On 5th February 1922, the Chauri Chaura incident led to the withdrawal of the Non Co-operation Movement. This incident involved violence against the police by a group of protesters, prompting Mahatma Gandhi to call off the movement.

Gandhi is detained on charges of sedition.

On 17th September 1924, Mahatma Gandhi began a 21-day fast to promote Hindu-Muslim unity, emphasizing the importance of harmony between the two communities.

Despite his prolonged absence from politics, Gandhi assumes the role of President of the Indian National Congress.

Residents in the district of Bardoli protest high rents using methods of non-cooperation inspired by Gandhi.

Gandhi published the Declaration of Independence of India.

Gandhi leads the Salt March in India as a nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly, which became a significant event in the Indian independence movement.

The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March, was a nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi against the British salt monopoly. It had a profound impact on the Indian independence movement and drew international attention to the cause.

Gandhiji was arrested and taken to Yervada jail.

Gandhiji was released from Jail.

Gandhi warns the Viceroy of his intention to break the Salt Laws.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was announced.

Gandhi leads his Salt March to the sea.

Gandhiji left for London to attend the Round Table Conference.

Gandhi was arrested for violating the Salt Laws, leading to the outbreak of non-cooperation movements across India.

Gandhiji decided to restart the Non Co-operation Movement.

Gandhi returned to India on December 28, 1931.

Mahatma Gandhi was arrested and imprisoned without trial on January 4, 1932.

Mahatma Gandhi started a 21-day fast on May 8, 1933, to advocate for the improvement of Harijan's condition and was released from jail at 6 p.m.

On July 31, 1933, Mahatma Gandhi initiated individual civil disobedience.

Mahatma Gandhi was arrested on August 1, 1933, and remained in jail until August 23, 1933.

On September 17, 1934, Mahatma Gandhi announced his intention to resign from the Congress.

Mahatma Gandhi declared his intention to retire from Congress on October 28, 1934.

Sevagram Ashram was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1936. It served as a center for the Indian freedom movement and a place for promoting his principles of non-violence and self-reliance.

In May and October-November of 1938, Mahatma Gandhi undertook tours to the North West Frontier, where he engaged with local communities and addressed social and political issues.

On March 3, 1939, Mahatma Gandhi initiated a fast unto death at Rajkot to address a significant issue, which was later resolved, leading to the end of his fast on March 7, 1939.

On October 15, 1940, Mahatma Gandhi commenced the Anti-war individual Satyagraha, with Vinoba Bhave as the first Satyagrahi, as a nonviolent protest against the involvement of India in World War II.

On January 15, 1942, Mahatma Gandhi declared 'My political successor is Jawaharlal', indicating his support for Jawaharlal Nehru's leadership in the political arena.

Cripps arrived in India on 5th March 1942.

On 8th March 1942, the Quit India resolution was passed during the address to the All India Congress Committee of Bombay.

The idea of 'Quit India' burst upon Gandhiji on 30th March 1942.

Gandhiji started the 'Quit India Movement' and decided to launch a mass civil disobedience movement 'Do or Die' call to force the British to leave India.

Gandhiji was arrested and taken to Agakhan Palace-Jail on 9th August 1942.

On 15th August 1942, Gandhiji lighted the pyre of Mahadev Desai, his secretary who died in Jail.

Gandhi undertook a fast while imprisoned in the Aga Khan's palace as a protest against British rule.

On 3rd March 1943, Mahatma Gandhi ended his fast while in jail.

At 7.35 p.m. on 22nd February 1944, Kasturba Gandhi, the wife of Mahatma Gandhi, passed away. She was wrapped in a saree woven from yarn spun by Gandhiji.

On 6th May 1944, Mahatma Gandhi was released from jail.

Mahatma Gandhi left Calcutta for Naokhali by a special train.

Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement, was assassinated by Nathuram Godse in New Delhi on January 30, 1948.

After years of struggle and non-violent resistance led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, India finally gained independence from British colonial rule on August 15, 1947.

Mahatma Gandhi started a fast in Delhi against communal riots.

'I do not wish to live if peace is not established in India and Pakistan' - Mahatma Gandhi.

On 18th January 1948, Mahatma Gandhi broke his fast by consuming orange juice given by Maulana Azad.

On 20th January 1948, a bomb exploded during a prayer session attended by Mahatma Gandhi.

On 27th January 1948, Mahatma Gandhi expressed his opinion that Congress should cease to exist as a political body and should focus on other activities.

Gandhi is killed by a young Hindu fanatic who is angered by Gandhi's efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims.

On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi passed away.

The website of Sevagram Ashram, maintained by Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal, has been visited by numerous individuals since 2013. This indicates the enduring interest in Gandhi's life and teachings.

The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi is a comprehensive collection of his writings, speeches, letters, and other materials. It provides valuable insights into Gandhi's philosophy and his role in India's struggle for independence.