Dada, or Dadaism, was an avant-garde art movement in early 20th century Europe. It rejected logic and reason, expressing nonsense and anti-bourgeois protest. Dadaists used various media like collage, sound poetry, and sculpture. The movement's name origins are debated, but it aimed to challenge conventional art and societal norms. Influenced by pre-war avant-garde, Dada had key figures like Marcel Duchamp and Tristan Tzara, and influenced later art movements like Surrealism and pop art.
Artist Kurt Schwitters started making art out of postwar Germany's debris in Hanover. He rejected the Dada label and coined his own term 'Merz', incorporating elements of money, pain, and excrement into his work. His Merzbau construction was a unique blend of found objects and geometric forms.
Alfred Jarry's farce introduced 'Pataphysics' which was a source of inspiration for Dada's farcical spirit.
Duchamp's painting, inspired by early stop-action photographic studies of motion, caused a sensation when rejected by the jury for the Salon des Independants of 1912 in Paris.
In 1913, the Dada movement had its beginnings, setting the stage for a radical shift in the art world with its disruptive and unconventional approach.
In response to the horrors of World War I in 1914, artists in Zurich turned to the arts as a form of expression. Despite the ongoing war, they engaged in activities such as singing, painting, creating collages, and writing poems with great passion.
In June 1915, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia both arrived in New York City, where they played crucial roles in introducing anti-art concepts and forming a creative community.
Cabaret Voltaire is founded and the first Dada event is held in the summer, where Hugo Ball reads the original manifesto. The Dada movement has various rumors surrounding its name origins.
Hugo Ball originated the seminal Dada Manifesto on 14 July 1916, marking a significant moment in the Dada movement. The manifesto laid the foundation for the anti-art and anti-establishment principles of Dadaism.
In February of 1918, Huelsenbeck delivered his first Dada speech in Berlin, marking a significant moment in the development of the Dada movement in Germany.
Zürich Dada, led by Tzara, started publishing the art and literature review 'Dada' in July 1917. The publication aimed to spread Dada ideas and influence through its editions from Zurich and later Paris.
The fighting of the First World War ended in the armistice of November 1918. This event led to the return of most Zürich Dadaists to their home countries and the initiation of Dada activities in other cities.
Marcel Duchamp's provocative alteration of the Mona Lisa postcard, adding a mustache and goatee, questioning artistic values and creativity. 'LHOOQ' exemplifies Dada's irreverence towards traditional art and its ability to challenge societal norms through artistic subversion.
The Festival Dada in Paris on 26 May 1920 featured Dada music composed by Francis Picabia and Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes.
The New York Dada magazine, featuring works by Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, was published in April 1921. The magazine is archived at Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou and can be accessed online.
Man Ray's experimental photography technique creating images by placing objects on sensitized paper and exposing them to light. 'Rayograph' reflects Dada's interest in chance and the unconventional, liberating photography from traditional representational roles.
Mavo, a prominent Dada group in Japan, was founded in July 1923 by Tomoyoshi Murayama. Other prominent artists in the group were Jun Tsuji, Eisuke Yoshiyuki, and Katué Kitasono.
In 1924, André Breton published the Surrealist manifesto, leading to a significant number of Dadaists joining the Surrealist movement, which marked the end of Dada.
In 1927, Marcel Duchamp married Lydie Fischer Sarazin-Levassor. The wedding was filmed by Man Ray and attended by Picabia.
Red Wire Sculpture is an artwork by Kurt Schwitters from 1944.
In 1946, Kurt Schwitters, known as the founder of Merz and collaborator with Dadaists, Cubists, and Constructivists, won first, second, and third prizes in the Ambleside flower show art competition.
In 1951, Robert Motherwell's anthology 'The Dada Painters and Poets' was published, acknowledging the significant role played by Dada in shaping twentieth-century art.
Butoh, the Japanese dance-form originating in 1959, has direct connections to the spirit of the Dada movement. Tatsumi Hijikata, one of Butoh's founders, was influenced by Dadaism early in his career.
Marcel Duchamp created L.H.O.O.Q in September 1964 in Neuilly-sur-Seine as a numbered edition of 35, along with 3 unnumbered examples, based on his original rectified readymade from 1919. It was sold for €631,500.
In Tsuburaya Productions's Ultra Series, an alien named Dada was inspired by the Dadaism movement. The character first appeared in episode 28 of the 1966 tokusatsu series, Ultraman.
A large Dada retrospective was held in Paris in 1967, showcasing the influence of Dada upon art and society.
Donna M. Kristiansen's article 'What Is Dada?' was published in the Educational Theatre Journal in 1968, providing insights into the essence of Dada art movement.
In 1971, a documentary titled DADA 'Archives du XXe siècle' was produced, providing insights into the Dada art movement.
In his play Travesties (1974), Tom Stoppard explores the premise of Lenin, Tzara, and James Joyce intersecting during the time of the Zürich Dadaists.
In 1978, The University of Iowa hosted an international conference on Dada and an exhibition titled 'Dada Artifacts', leading to the establishment of the Dada Archive and Research Center.
In 1979, under the direction of Professors Rudolf Kuenzli and Stephen Foster, the Dada Archive and Research Center was established at The University of Iowa to preserve and disseminate the documentation of the Dada movement.
In 1989, Robert Motherwell's 'The Dada Painters and Poets' was published, becoming a significant retrospective collection of documents related to the Dada movement. This publication was well-received by literary and art historians, as well as the general public.
On February 3, 2000, the online catalog of the International Dada Archive, known as the International On-line Bibliography of Dada, was made accessible to the public. This online catalog includes virtually all titles in the Archive's card catalog and all titles added since February 2000.
In January 2006, performance artist Pierre Pinoncelli made a crack in a replica of Marcel Duchamp's 'The Fountain' with a hammer as a homage to Dada. He also urinated on a different replica of the artwork in 1993, further emphasizing the controversial nature of Duchamp's creation.
An exhibition showcasing the works of prominent figures in the New York Dada movement, including Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, and Francis Picabia, was held at Tate Modern from February 21 to May 26, 2008.
An auction event featuring artwork by Arp, Hans and Tristan Tzara in Paris, with pieces from the Collection Dada in 1920.
Upon disbanding in July 2012, the anarchist pop band Chumbawamba drew parallels between their own legacy and that of the Dada art movement.
Aurélie Verdier and Claude Kincaid's article 'Picabia's Quasi-Name' delves into the exploration of Francis Picabia's unique artistic identity.
An auction event featuring the Bibliothèque R & B.L. Dada-Surréalisme La Chasse collection took place in Paris on April 26, 2016.
On October 21, 2017, an auction featuring Dada, Surrealism, and beyond collection took place in Paris.
An auction event featuring artwork by Kurt Schwitters in Paris, including the piece 'Untitled (Wagner and Vienna)' with an estimated value of 60,000 - 80,000 USD.