A war between Russia and Turkey is ignited by a border incident at Balta in southern Ukraine, lasting for six years.

The Ottoman empire cedes Crimea to Russia in the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, ending the recent Russo-Turkish war.

The Crimean War marked the demise of the first phase of the Concert of Europe established since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, leading to a period of crises and unifications in Europe.

The Eastern Question, focusing on Turkey's ability to control its vast empire, becomes a significant theme throughout the nineteenth century.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 concludes with Russian protection of the Ottoman-held Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) in the Balkans, along with granting Russia access to shipping through the Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits.

The conclusion of the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty in 1838 marked a shift in the situation, where Russia failed to understand Britain's trade interests and attempted to negotiate honestly with the UK on the partition of the Ottoman Empire.

The London Straits Convention was signed in 1841, where Russia gave up its privileged position in the Ottoman Empire and control of the Straits in hopes of improving relations with Britain and isolating France.

Russian tsar, Nicholas I, refers to Turkey as 'the sick man of Europe', reflecting the declining state of the Ottoman empire.

France demands that Turkey should end Russia's exclusive control of the Christian Holy Places in the Ottoman Empire.

In March 1853, Prince Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov was sent on a special mission to Constantinople with demands.

Lord Stratford arrived in Constantinople on April 5, 1853, and played a key role in convincing the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, which contributed to the escalation of tensions.

On 21st May 1853, Menshikov left Constantinople, leading to a breakdown in relations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

By the end of May 1853, the Russians issued an ultimatum to Turkey, escalating tensions between the two powers.

On 23rd September 1853, orders were given for the British fleet to sail to Constantinople, known as modern-day Istanbul.

On 4th October 1853, Turkey officially declared war on Russia.

The Crimean War began on 5th October 1853.

The Crimean War began on October 16, 1853, when the Ottomans declared war on Russia with the support of France and Britain. The war was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont.

In 1853, Ottomans captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack, leading to a standoff with the Russians for the next seven months. The Ottomans also faced defeats in battles at Akhaltsike and Gyumri, while their fleet was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope.

The Battle of Sinope in 1853 was a Russian naval victory where a squadron of Ottoman ships anchored in the harbour was destroyed. This victory led to retaliation from Western forces.

On December 5, 1853, the peace terms drafted at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol. The terms were approved by Nicholas I but rejected by Abdülmecid I.

In January 1854, the Ottomans received back-up in the Black Sea as French and British fleets entered the waters to support them.

On 6 January 1854, Ottoman forces engaged Russian forces at Chetatea, resulting in heavy fighting until the Russians were driven out of the village.

The United Kingdom and France demanded Russia to withdraw its forces from the Danubian Principalities, leading to Austria's support for the demand. Russia's rejection of the ultimatum was used as a justification for Britain and France to enter the war.

On March 28, 1854, Britain and France officially declared war on Russia, marking a significant escalation in the conflict.

From 14 April 1854, Russian forces laid siege to Silistra with 60,000 troops, which was lifted on 23 June 1854.

The First Battle of Bomarsund occurred on June 21, 1854, during the Crimean War. It was a British and French attack on the Russian fortress of Bomarsund in the Åland Islands.

On 23 June 1854, Austria entered the Crimean War on the side of the Ottomans, forcing the Russians to raise the siege of Silistra and begin abandoning the Danubian Principalities.

On 7 July 1854, the Ottomans, under Omar Pasha, crossed the Danube into Wallachia and engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu, conquering it.

French and British officers and engineers surveyed the harbour of Sevastopol and reported the presence of 15,000–20,000 Russian troops encamped near the harbour mouth.

On 26 July 1854, Nicholas I, responding to an Austrian ultimatum, ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the principalities.

On 7th September 1854, the Allied troops led by French commander Maréchal Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud and British commander Lord Fitzroy Somerset Raglan set sail from the Ottoman port of Varna with around 400 ships. They left Ottoman territory with no clear plan of attack, a characteristic that would define much of the conflict.

Allied forces anchored in the bay of Yevpatoria, which surrendered, providing a fallback position. The allied expeditionary force then landed on the sandy beaches of Kalamita Bay on the south-west coast of Crimea.

On September 14, 1854, the Allies landed in the Crimea during the Crimean War.

The 19th of September 1854 saw the initial encounter at River Bulganek, a crucial event in the early stages of the Crimean War.

The Battle of the Alma took place on September 20, 1854, during the Crimean War.

Sir John Burgoyne recommended attacking Sevastopol from the south, and the joint commanders agreed. The whole army began to march southeast and encircled the city from the south.

The Allies decided to besiege Sevastopol from the south, allowing the Russians to strengthen the city's fortifications. The initial bombardment of Sevastopol began on 17 October.

On October 23, 1854, Florence Nightingale and a group of 38 nurses departed from England to provide medical assistance to the wounded soldiers in Sevastapol during the Crimean War.

The Battle of Balaklava occurred on October 25, 1854, as part of the Crimean War.

A significant battle that took place on 26th October 1854 during the Crimean War.

On November 5, 1854, the Battle of Inkerman was fought during the Crimean War.

A great storm swept the Crimea on 14 November 1854, causing destruction to the tents at the Allied camp outside Sevastopol and wrecking several British ships, including the steamship HMS ‘Prince’.

On 10th January 1855, the Russians decide to abort their attack at Balaklava during the Crimean War.

On January 21, 1855, a 'snowball riot' erupted in Trafalgar Square, London, with 1,500 people protesting against the Crimean War. The riot escalated, leading to clashes with police and troops, ultimately resulting in Prime Minister Aberdeen's resignation.

On 26th January 1855, the Sardinians join the war effort by sending 10,000 troops to assist the Allied forces during the Crimean War.

The Russians, led by General Khrulev, attempted to launch a surprise attack on the Ottoman garrison in the important port city of Eupatoria in western Crimea. The attack failed as the Ottomans and Allied fleet responded forcefully, forcing Khrulev to retreat.

The Allied forces attempted an attack at Chernaya, but it was ultimately aborted for reasons not specified.

The Russian army successfully seized and fortified the strategic hillock known as the Mamelon.

The French launched an assault on the 'White Works' which ultimately proved to be unsuccessful.

Multiple mines blew up the five docks, the canal, and three locks in Sevastopol, as part of the main objective of the siege to destroy the Russian fleet and docks over the winter.

Tsar Nicholas I, feeling remorse for the disasters caused by the war, passed away on March 2, 1855, due to pneumonia.

The Allied forces conducted a second bombardment against Sevastapol, a significant event in the Crimean War.

On 19th April 1855, the British forces successfully launched an assault on the rifle pits during the Siege of Sevastapol.

An Anglo-French naval squadron entered the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to Sevastopol, destroying Russian power along the coast and significantly reducing supplies to the besieged Russian troops.

The Anglo-French squadron attacked the seaport of Taganrog, preventing the export of vast amounts of food, leading to a 61⁄2-hour bombardment and failed landing operations.

The city of Sevastapol faced its 3rd bombardment on 6th June 1855 during the Crimean War.

On 8th-9th June 1855, the Allied forces successfully assaulted the 'White Works', Mamelon, and 'The Quarries' during the Siege of Sevastapol.

On June 17-18, 1855, there were unsuccessful attacks on Sevastopol during the Crimean War.

The first general assault of Sevastopol took place on June 18, 1855, with heavy losses on both sides. The assault was not successful, and short-term truces for removal of corpses were signed due to the high casualties.

The Bombardment of Sveaborg took place on August 9, 1855, during the Crimean War. It was depicted by John Wilson Carmichael.

The Battle of Chernaya took place on the outskirts of Sevastopol, where Russian forces, under the orders of Tsar Alexander II, attempted to push back Allied forces and lift the siege of the city. However, the battle ended in an Allied victory, leading to a Russian retreat.

The besieged city of Sevastopol faced its 5th bombardment, as part of the ongoing conflict in the Crimean War.

The 6th and final bombardment of Sevastopol by Allied forces marked the conclusion of the year-long siege of the city during the Crimean War.

Allied forces launched assaults on key Russian defenses including Malakoff, Little Redan, Bastion du Mat, and the Great Redan. The French achieved significant strategic gains in the conflict.

After a 337-day-long siege, the French captured the Malakoff fort and the Russians abandoned their positions, leading to the fall of Sevastopol on 9 September 1855.

The Siege of Sevastapol ends as the Russians evacuate the city, blow up forts, and sink their ships.

The brutal Russian attack on Kars lasts seven hours but they are unsuccessful.

On November 7, 1855, Omar Pasha crossed the Ingur river into Abkhazia from Georgia proper during the Crimean War. Despite facing challenges like the rainy season and lack of supplies, he aimed to confront the Russian forces and lift the siege of Kars.

Kars surrenders to General Muravyov, shocking the Russians with the conditions.

By December 2, 1855, Omar Pasha had reached the Tskhenistsqali river during the Crimean War. However, facing adverse weather conditions and lack of provisions, he eventually had to withdraw to Batum after learning about the fall of Kars to the Russians.

In January 1856, the Tsar of Russia agreed to the demands put forward by Austria.

The Crimean War officially ended on February 1, 1856. It marked the conclusion of the conflict that had involved major European powers and had significant impacts on the region.

On February 24, 1856, the Paris Peace Conference commenced to address the ongoing conflicts.

By the end of February 1856, an armistice was declared in the Crimea, marking a temporary halt in hostilities.

The Treaty of Paris was signed on March 30, 1856, officially ending the Crimean War. It forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea and granted more independence to the Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia.

Mary Seacole, a notable figure during the Crimean War, provided care for the sick and wounded soldiers. She established the British Hotel as a convalescent home and officer's club.

As a result of Austria's support for Great Britain and France during the Crimean War, Austria lost the support of Russia. This led to Austrian defeats in 1859, contributing to the unification of Italy.

Brevet Major Mark Walker, who was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at the Battle of Inkerman, is depicted in a photograph from around 1860.

Following the Crimean War, Austria's dependence on Britain and France led to defeats in 1866. These defeats played a role in the eventual unification of Germany.

After the Crimean War, Russia, fearing potential British capture of Russian Alaska, decided to sell the territory to the United States under the leadership of Alexander II.

Prussia persuaded Russia to remain neutral in the Franco-Prussian War, leading to a crushing defeat of France and the weakening of the Treaty of Paris.

The Treaty of Paris, which had been in effect since 1856, was disrupted in 1871 when Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War. This led to the formation of the German Empire and the establishment of the French Third Republic.

Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire, leading to the independence of Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and autonomy for Bulgaria, while gaining territories in the Caucasus and Southern Bessarabia.