In Spain, unlike the crusades in the Holy Land, political expansion and settlement were the main driving forces behind the conflicts between Muslims and Christian rulers, predating the arrival of crusade indulgences.

In 711, the Moors crossed the Mediterranean Sea from North Africa and invaded the Iberian Peninsula, eventually advancing into Europe and controlling the majority of the peninsula over the next seven years.

The Christians under Pelayo defeated the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga, marking the beginning of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula.

In 718, the Reconquista officially began with the victory of Pelayo at the Battle of Covadonga, a significant event in the Christian efforts to reclaim the Iberian Peninsula from Moorish rule.

The forces of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz led by al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani capture the coastal city of Narbonne.

The Moors under al-Samh conquer Narbonne.

The Moors suffer a significant defeat in France, halting their advance, at the Battle of Toulouse.

The Battle of Covadonga was a significant victory for the Christians in the Iberian Peninsula, where Pelagius of Asturias defeated a Muslim force, establishing the monarchy of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias.

The Battle of Tours in 732 marked the halt of the Muslim advance into Western Europe by the West Germanic Franks, led by Charles Martel, preventing further Islamic expansion into Europe.

In 739, a rebellion in Galicia, supported by the Asturians, successfully drove out Muslim forces, leading to the incorporation of Galicia into the Kingdom of Asturias and strengthening Christian resistance in the Iberian Peninsula.

Aurelius of Asturias becomes the king after his cousin Fruela I the Cruel in the year 768.

The Reconquista, also known as the Christian conquests, spanned 770 years in Spain, during which Christian forces gradually took back territories from Moorish rule.

Silo of Asturias ascends to the throne as king upon his marriage to Adosinda, the daughter of Alfonso I, in 774.

Charlemagne's failed campaign into Iberia was prompted by the invitation of the pro-Abbasid governor of Barcelona, leading to a brief alliance against the Umayyads.

Alfonso II ascends to the throne of Asturias, playing a crucial role in consolidating the kingdom's power in northern Iberia.

Louis the Pious gathers a Frankish siege army to launch an attack on Barcelona.

The Siege of Barcelona concludes with a triumph for the Carolingians over the Moors, leading to Bera becoming the first Count of Barcelona.

The Catalonian city of Tortosa remains under Moorish control following a year-long Siege of Tortosa.

The Portuguese were defeated by the Moors in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, leading to the end of Portuguese influence in North Africa.

A Frankish army led by Velasco the Basque suffers defeat at the hands of a Moorish force in the sixteen-day Battle of Pancorbo.

García Íñiguez and Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi rebelled against the Emirate of Córdoba, but the rebellion was crushed by Abd ar-Rahman II.

The fictional Battle of Clavijo is believed to have occurred on this date.

Ordoño I of Asturias ascends to the throne as king.

Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi leads the Moors to victory over the Franks and Gascons at the Battle of Albelda.

García Íñiguez is taken captive by a Viking force and later ransomed.

García Íñiguez forms a strategic alliance with Moorish rebel Amrus ibn Yusuf.

Alfonso III of Asturias achieves victory over Muhammad I of Córdoba at the Battle of Polvoraria.

The Codex Vigilanus and Chronicle of Alfonso III are compiled during this year.

Asturias defeats the Córdobans under Muhammad ibn Lubb and al-Mundhir of Córdoba at the First Battle of Cellorigo.

The Latin chronicle Chronica Prophetica is written in April.

Alfonso III defeats the Moorish forces under Ibn al-Qitt at the battle known as the Day of Zamora in July.

The Kingdom of Najera was established under the rule of García Sánchez I, although the exact date is unknown.

After the death of Fruela II of Asturias, his son Alfonso Fróilaz briefly takes the throne of the unified kingdom of Asturias, Galicia, and León before being deposed by his cousins Sancho Ordóñez, Alfonso IV of León, and Ramiro II of León.

García Sánchez I starts ruling Pamplona jointly with his uncle Jimeno Garcés in 928.

In May 930, the first Siege of Toledo commences.

Alfonso IV of León steps down from the throne, passing the crown to his brother Ramiro II of León.

The forces of Ramiro II of León achieved victory over Abd al-Rahman III's troops at the Battle of Simancas.

Abd al-Rahman III emerged victorious over the troops loyal to Ramiro II at the Battle of Alhandic.

In 950, the Duchy of Castile was founded as an independent Christian state.

Bermudo II of León ascends to the throne of Galicia as Bermudo I.

Almanzor leads the devastating Sack of Barcelona from July 1st to 6th.

The Portuguese city of Coimbra is captured from the Christians by Almanzor.

Military orders in Spain were established to support the crusades. They played a significant role in the Reconquista by recruiting soldiers, funding armies through church taxes, and promising spiritual rewards for their service.

On June 2, 1010, the rebels successfully defeated the Caliphate forces at the Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr.

On July 23, 1010, Hisham II was reinstated as the caliph.

In 1012, the Taifa of Dénia was founded by the warlord Mujahid al-Amiri.

On April 19, 1013, Sulayman ibn al-Hakam assumed the position of Caliph.

In 1015, Mujahid al-Amiri of Dénia took control of the Balearic Islands.

In 1031, civil wars within the Cordoba Caliphate weakened Muslim control over the Iberian peninsula, allowing Christian kingdoms to attempt to retake lost territories.

In 1037, Ferdinand I of León, also known as Ferdinand the Great, became the king after defeating Bermudo III at the Battle of Tamarón.

In 1043, the Kingdom of Castile was founded under the rule of Sancho II of Castile and León, also known as Sancho the Strong.

In 1049, Ahmad al-Muqtadir became the ruler of the Taifa of Zaragoza.

Ferdinand I of León defeats his brother García Sánchez III at the Battle of Atapuerca, leading to the death of García Sánchez III and the succession of Sancho IV of Pamplona.

Ahmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza, with the help of a Castilian force led by Sancho II, defeats Ramiro I of Aragon at the Battle of Graus. Some accounts suggest El Cid supported Sancho.

Ferdinand I of León captures the Portuguese city of Coimbra from the Moors after the first Siege of Coimbra.

Estimated around 1064, Alexander II sanctions the Crusade of Barbastro against the Taifa of Lérida.

On December 24, 1065, Ferdinand I of León becomes ill and dies after the Battle of Paterna. His sons Alfonso VI of León and Garcia II of Galicia succeed him.

The War of the Three Sanchos continues in 1067, escalating the power struggle among the grandsons of Sancho the Great.

On 7th October, Sancho II of Castile is assassinated, and his brother Alfonso VI of León and Castile, also known as Alfonso the Brave, succeeds him.

On 4th June, Sancho Garcés IV is assassinated by his siblings, leading to Sancho Ramírez becoming the king of Aragon and Navarre.

Aragon and Navarre, led by Sancho Ramírez, were defeated by the Taifa of Zaragoza, led by Yusuf al-Mu'tamin, at the Battle of Morella. El Cid served as a general for al-Mu'tamin during this conflict.

Sancho Ramírez suffered another defeat by Zaragoza at the Battle of Piedra Pisada, marking the unsuccessful end of his campaign into Zaragozan territory.

King Alfonso VI of León and Castile successfully captures the city of Toledo from the Moors, marking a significant victory in the Reconquista.

Yusuf ibn Tashfin led the Moors to victory over Alfonso VI and Álvar Fáñez at the Battle of Sagrajas on October 23. This battle was a significant setback for the Christian forces.

A French military campaign led by Odo I of Burgundy and William the Carpenter, supported by Alfonso VI and Sancho Ramirez, is repelled by the Moors at Tudela.

King Alfonso VI of Castile designated his son Sancho, born to the Muslim princess Zaida of Seville, as his heir. This event highlighted the intermingling of Muslim and Christian royalty during the Reconquista.

In 1094, Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, established his own short-lived kingdom at Valencia, becoming a prominent figure in the conflicts between Christian and Muslim kingdoms in Spain.

In 1096, spiritual rewards were offered for the Iberian Peninsula as part of the Reconquista, with the aim of reclaiming territories lost to Muslim rule.

A Castilian and Leónese army led by Alfonso VI of León and Castile was defeated by the Moors under Yusuf ibn Tashfin. Notable figures in the Christian army included Diego Rodríguez, Álvar Fáñez, Pedro Ansúrez, and García Ordóñez.

El Cid, a legendary figure in Spanish history, passed away. His widow Jimena Díaz took over the rule of Valencia.

The First Crusade concluded successfully with the Battle of Ascalon. Crusaders who later participated in the Reconquista included Gaston IV of Béarn, Rotrou III of Perche, Centule II of Bigorre, William IX of Aquitaine, Bernard Ato IV, and William V of Montpellier.

Peter I of Aragon successfully recaptures the Aragonese city of Barbastro, establishing it as a bishopric seat.

On May 5, 1102, the Moors, led by Mazdali ibn Tilankan, seize control of Valencia.

Ramon Berenguer III engages in battle against the Moors at Mollerussa on September 11, 1102, resulting in his defeat and the death of Ermengol V of Urgell.

Alfonso I of Aragon, also known as Alfonso the Battler, ascends to the throne following the passing of his brother Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona. He also assumes the role of the first king of Navarre.

Urraca of León and Castile ascends to the throne following the death of her father Alfonso VI.

Urraca and Alfonso I of Aragon end their relationship and part ways.

The Moors, led by Syr ibn Abi Bakr, successfully capture Santarém in the County of Portugal after defeating Henry of Portugal's forces.

Alfonso I of Aragon's forces emerge victorious over Urraca's forces at the Battle of Candespina. Gómez González is killed in the battle, and Pedro González de Lara takes his place as Urraca's lover.

Ramon Berenguer III leads the Balearic Islands Expedition, successfully capturing the islands from the Taifa of Dénia in August 1115.

William V of Montpellier, as part of the Balearic Islands Expedition, captures Majorca from the Moors.

Ramon Berenguer III travels to Rome to request Paschal II for a crusade aimed at liberating Tarragona.

Alfonso I led the Conquest of Zaragoza, taking the city from the Moors with the support of Gaston IV of Béarn, Centule II of Bigorre, and Rotrou III of Perche. Zaragoza later became the capital of Aragon under the lordship of Gaston IV.

Alfonso I of Aragon achieves victory over the Almoravids at the Battle of Cutanda in June.

The Almohad Caliphate is established under Ibn Tumart.

Callixtus II proclaims a crusade in Spain.

The Reconquista in Spain was likely completed by 1123, signifying the end of the centuries-long struggle to reclaim territories from Muslim rule.

The Moors achieved victory over Alfonso I of Aragon at the Battle of Fraga. Christian casualties included notable figures such as Guy of Lescar, Aimery II of Narbonne, Centula VI of Béarn, and Bertrán de Risnel.

Alfonso I of Aragon passed away, leading to the succession of Ramiro II of Aragon and García Ramírez of Navarre in those territories. Navarre gained independence, while Alfonso VII of León and Castile became Imperator totius Hispaniae alongside his mother Urraca.

Ali ibn Yusuf fails to capture the city of Coimbra in the second siege. Theresa of Portugal, the half-sister of Urraca, leads the city's defense.

After a decisive victory in the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, Afonso Henriques was declared the first King of Portugal by his troops. Legend has it that Christ himself announced Afonso's great deeds, leading to his coronation and the establishment of the first Portuguese Cortes.

During the summer of 1140, Alfonso I of Portugal emerged victorious against his cousin Alfonso VII of León and Castile at the Battle of Valdevez.

Alfonso VII of León and Castile successfully captures the city of Coria from the Moors during the second Siege of Coria.

In the Treaty of Zamora, Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile officially recognized Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León, solidifying Portugal's status as a separate kingdom.

The forces of Alfonso VII of León and Castile, supported by Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona, are successful in the Siege of Almería.

In 1148, the Knights Hospitallers committed knights to the Reconquista, contributing to the Christian efforts in the Iberian Peninsula.

The Order of Calatrava was established in 1158, becoming one of the local military orders in the Iberian Peninsula known for their distinctive black armor.

In 1169, Portuguese warrior and folk hero Gerald the Fearless captured Évora.

The Order of Santiago, also known as the Order of Saint James of Compostela, was established to protect Christianity and drive the Moors out of Iberia.

In 1172, the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword was founded in Portugal.

Montjoy was established in Aragon in 1173, further bolstering the military orders present in the region during the Reconquista.

In 1175, Pope Alexander III issued a call for a crusade in Spain.

The Order of Alcantara was formed in 1176, contributing to the defense efforts in the Iberian Peninsula alongside other military orders.

In 1177, Pope Alexander III officially acknowledged the Order of Alcántara, also known as the Knights of St. Julian, which was established in León in 1166.

Around 1178, the Order of Evora was established in Portugal, adding to the local military orders dedicated to the Reconquista.

Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso Henriques as the legitimate King of Portugal through the papal bull Manifestis Probatum, further legitimizing his rule.

Ferdinand II of León passes away, leading to his son Alfonso IX of León taking over as the new ruler.

Sancho I of Portugal joins forces with Crusaders to defeat the Moors at the Siege of Silves, marking the beginning of the Almohad campaign against Portugal.

The Knights Templar, led by Gualdim Pais, successfully fend off the Moors during the Siege of Tomar.

Berengaria of Navarre weds Richard the Lionheart in Cyprus, being the daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile.

The Moors achieve a victory over the Christian kingdoms of Spain at the Battle of Alarcos.

Alfonso IX of León launches an invasion into Castile, leading to his excommunication by Celestine III.

In 1212, a coalition of three Spanish kings achieved a significant victory at Las Navas de Tolosa, dealing a blow to the Muslim forces that they would not recover from.

Sancho II of Portugal, also known as Sancho the Pious, ascends to the throne as king of Portugal on this date.

During the first Siege of Jaén, the forces of the Taifa of Jayyān, led by Christian knight Álvaro Pérez de Castro, emerged victorious over the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile and the Taifa of Baeza.

The Treaty of Benavente was signed, where Sancha and Dulce, the heiresses of the Kingdom of León, relinquished their claim to the throne in favor of their brother, Ferdinand III of Castile.

The forces of Ferdinand III of Castile, under the command of Alfonso de Molina and Álvaro Pérez de Castro, achieved victory over the forces of Ibn Hud at the Battle of Jerez, leading to the ascension of Muhammad I of Granada.

During the Valencian campaign, James I of Aragon and Bernat Guillem d'Entença achieve victory over Zayyan ibn Mardanish at the Siege of Burriana.

After the Siege of Córdoba, Ferdinand III of Castile successfully captures the city from Ibn Hud, reclaiming it from the Moors who had held it since 711.

Valencia fell to the Christian forces in 1238, marking another significant gain in the Reconquista campaign against Muslim territories.

Ferdinand III of Castile and Grand Master Pelayo Pérez Correa lead the Kingdom of Castile and the Order of Santiago to victory against the Taifa of Jaén and the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I of Granada.

James I of Aragon and Alfonso X of Castile sign a treaty with Moorish commander al-Azraq.

Castile initiates the Siege of Seville.

Ferdinand III of Castile, with the support of Ramón de Bonifaz, emerges victorious over the Moors led by Axataf after a 16-month long Siege of Seville.

Afonso III of Portugal, along with Paio Peres Correia, successfully captures the Algarve from the Taifa of Niebla after the Siege of Faro, marking the completion of the Portuguese conquest of the Algarve and their efforts in the Reconquista.

Alfonso X of Castile ascends to the throne as the king of Castile on June 1st.

Theobald II of Navarre assumes the position of king.

Following the Battle of Salé, a fleet from Castile under Alfonso X of Castile takes temporary control of Salé in Morocco from September 10th to 23rd.

Following the 11-month Siege of Jerez, the Moorish enclave of Jerez de la Frontera was integrated into the Crown of Castile on November 25, 1261. Nuño González de Lara, a prominent Castilian nobleman, was appointed as the castillian of the Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera.

In 1264, the Mudéjar revolt erupted among the Muslim population of Castile, lasting until 1266 when it was finally suppressed. This uprising marked a significant period of unrest and conflict within the region.

On December 4, 1270, Henry I of Navarre ascended to the throne as king.

In 1273, the Spanish history book Estoria de España was written.

On July 22, 1274, Joan I of Navarre became queen following the death of her father, Henry I of Navarre.

On May 13, 1275, Marinid forces under the command of Abu Yusuf Yaqub launched their first invasion of Spain.

Fernando de la Cerda, the regent of Castile, died on June 25, 1275, leaving the kingdom vulnerable to the invading Marinid forces.

On September 8, 1275, the Moors achieved victory over Castile in the Battle of Écija, resulting in the death of the Castilian commander Nuño González de Lara.

The Moors emerged victorious over the army of Castile led by Sancho II de Aragon on October 21, 1275, forcing Alfonso X of Castile to accept a peace treaty.

In November 1275, Fernando de la Cerda assumed the role of regent for the Crown of Castile in the absence of his father, Alfonso X of Castile.

In August 1277, Abu Yusuf Yaqub initiated his second invasion of Spain, causing devastation in the regions of Jerez de la Frontera, Seville, and Córdoba.

Granada emerged victorious against Castile and León in the Battle of Moclín, where Muhammad II of Granada led his forces to defeat mercenaries and the Order of Santiago commanded by Grand Master Gonzalo Ruiz Girón and Sancho IV of Castile.

King Denis of Portugal signed the Treaty of Alcanizes with Ferdinand IV of Castile, establishing a permanent border between the two kingdoms and ensuring peace between them.

An Aragonese-Angevin fleet under Roger of Lauria achieves victory by defeating a Sicilian fleet at the Battle of Cape Orlando.

Pope Boniface VIII declares the first Jubilee Year in Rome and advocates for a crusade.

Muhammad III ascends to power in the Emirate of Granada following the death of his father, Muhammad II.

The Peace of Caltabelotta acknowledges Aragon's authority over Sicily.

The Treaty of Torrellas resolves the dispute over the conquest of the Kingdom of Murcia by James II of Aragon.

The Treaty of Elche modifies the boundaries established in the Treaty of Torrellas.

In March 1309, Nasr of Granada ascended to the position of sultan.

On April 29, 1309, Pope Clement V issued the papal bull Prioribus decanis, granting Ferdinand IV of Castile the authority to fund the war against Granada.

On July 21, 1309, Aragon achieved victory over Granada in the first Battle of Ceuta.

The second Siege of Algeciras was initiated by Ferdinand IV against Nasr of Granada on July 27, 1309. However, Castile faced defeat in January 1310.

The remnants of the Knights Templar in Aragon and Valencia, known as the Order of Montesa, are officially approved to defend against the Moors and pirates.

Denis of Portugal revives the Templars of Tomar as the Military Order of Christ, recognized by Pope John XXII in the papal bull Ad ea ex quibus.

Ismail I of Granada decisively defeats Castile at the Battle of Sierra Elvira, also known as the Battle of the Vega of Granada.

Peasants in Normandy initiate the Shepherds' Crusade to assist the Reconquista, but the movement is crushed by royal forces.

In August 1330, Alfonso XI of Castile defeated Muhammed IV of Granada and Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula at the Battle of Teba. Castilian commanders included Pedro Fernández de Castro and James Douglas.

The Battle of Río Salado on October 30, 1340, was a crucial battle where the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Portugal defeated the Marinid Sultanate, consolidating Christian control in the region.

Alfonso XI of Castile initiated the third Siege of Algeciras to capture the capital and main port of the European territory of the Marinid Empire.

Algeciras surrendered to Alfonso XI, while Gibraltar remained under Muslim control.

Peter IV of Aragon takes control of Majorca and removes James III of Majorca from power.

The Castilian Civil War erupts due to a succession dispute between Peter the Cruel and his half-brother Henry of Trastámara, lasting until 1366.

On April 13, 1362, Muhammad VI of Granada fled Granada and was murdered by the orders of Peter of Castile two weeks later.

On March 13, 1366, Henry of Trastámara was proclaimed king of Castile.

On January 18, 1367, Ferdinand I of Portugal became king.

Peter of Castile achieves victory over Henry of Trastámara and Edward the Black Prince at the Battle of Nájera.

Henry of Trastámara defeats his half-brother Peter of Castile at the Battle of Montiel, marking the end of the Castilian Civil War.

Granada launches the fourth Siege of Algeciras, successfully retaking the city on 30 July.

John I ascends to the throne of Castile as the king.

The conflict known as the Third Ferandine War commences, involving Portugal, England, and Castile.

The Treaty of Elvas is ratified, bringing an end to the Third Ferandine War.

The Treaty of Elvas is supplemented and further clarified through the Treaty of Salvaterra.

Beatrice of Portugal weds John I of Castile, strengthening diplomatic ties between the two kingdoms.

On January 6, 1387, John I of Aragon ascended to the throne as king.

On October 9, 1390, Henry III of Castile assumed the throne as king.

Yusuf II of Granada became the sultan on January 15, 1391.

The Pogroms of 1391, a series of violent attacks and massacres against Jews in Spain, commenced on June 6, 1391.

On October 3, 1392, Muhammad VII of Granada succeeded Yusuf II as the Nasrid sultan of Granada.

Martin of Aragon ascended to the throne as king on May 19, 1396.

Forces led by Henry III of Castile achieve victory over Muhammad VII of Granada at the Battle of Collejares.

Ferdinand I of Aragon achieves a significant victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Antequera, marking the first such triumph in fifty years.

The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 marked the beginning of Portuguese expansion in Africa, allowing Portugal to exert control over trade routes and establish a powerbase for raid expeditions in Muslim-ruled lands.

In 1437, there was a notable attack on the Moroccan coast, specifically targeting Tangiers, as part of sporadic assaults on Muslim territories outside of Spain.

Afonso V of Portugal and Afonso of Braganza defeat the rebellion of Peter of Coimbra at the Battle of Alfarrobeira, resulting in Peter's death.

Castile and Murcia achieve victory over Granada at the Battle of Los Alporchones.

Castilians capture the city of Gibraltar after the eighth siege, led by Juan Alonso de Guzmán, Alonso de Arcos, and Rodrigo de Arcos.

Juan Alonso de Guzmán recaptures the city of Gibraltar from Castile in the ninth Siege of Gibraltar.

In 1468, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married, uniting the two powerful kingdoms and laying the foundation for the unification of Spain.

In 1469, King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile were married, uniting the nation of Spain after years of fighting.

In 1471, there was another attack on the Moroccan coast, this time focusing on Arzila, as Christian forces continued to engage in sporadic military actions beyond the Iberian Peninsula.

Ferdinand II of Aragon ascends to the throne and rules jointly with his wife Isabella I of Castile over the Iberian Peninsula.

The War of the Castilian Succession concludes with the signing of the Treaty of Alcáçovas on September 4th.

Castile and Aragon signed the Treaty of Alcalá de Henares on December 19th, pledging to support each other in the conquest of Granada and dividing its territories between them.

Pope Sixtus IV issues the bull Aeterni regis, confirming the terms of the Treaty of Alcáçovas.

John II of Portugal ascends to the throne in August.

Christian forces capture Alhama de Granada, marking the beginning of the Granada War.

Castilian forces achieve victory over Granada at the Battle of Lucena in April, capturing Muhammad XII of Granada.

Spain conquers the city of Málaga after the 103-day Siege of Málaga, following earlier attacks on Ronda and Vélez-Málaga.

Al-Zadal (Muhammad XIII of Granada) surrenders the city of Baza to Spain after the six-month Siege of Baza and is captured.

Spain initiates the Siege of Granada, the decisive battle of the Reconquista, to capture the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula.

The Treaty of Granada is signed, allowing the Nasrids a two-month period to evacuate Granada after the city's fall to the Catholic Monarchs.

Muhammad XII surrenders Granada to the Catholic Monarchs, concluding the Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista, marking the end of Muslim rule in Al-Andalus.

Ferdinand and Isabella triumphantly enter Granada after its surrender, symbolizing the completion of the Reconquista and the unification of Spain.

Ferdinand and Isabella issue the Alhambra Decree, mandating the expulsion of all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Christianity, leading to significant cultural and religious consequences.

On July 30, 1492, all 200,000 members of the Jewish community in Spain were forcibly expelled from the country.

On April 11, 1501, the Rebellion of the Alpujarras was suppressed.

On September 17, 1502, the forced conversion of Muslims began in the Crown of Castile by the edict of Isabella I.

Following the expulsion and killing of most Jews in Spain, the Moriscos, who were Muslims forced to convert to Christianity, faced heavy persecution.

In 1526, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V imposed a religious requirement on Moors in the Kingdom of Aragon, leading to the forced conversion of its Muslim population during the Revolt of the Germanies.

In 1558, King Henry II of France conquered the city of Calais from English rule. This event led to the renaming of the region as the Pays Reconquis ('Reconquered Country'), possibly as a deliberate snub to Philip II of Spain.

On December 24, 1568, the second Rebellion of the Alpujarras was resolved after lasting for three years.

King Philip III of Spain orders the expulsion of the Moriscos, descendants of Muslims who were forcibly converted to Christianity, from the country.

Since the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, the annual commemoration of the surrender of Sultan Boabdil in Granada on 2 January has been utilized by extreme right groups in Spain, serving as a platform for their gatherings and political demands.

A 2016 study revealed that the 'rate of Reconquest' during the Christian expansion in Spain had lasting effects on the economy. The distribution of conquered land to nobility or individual settlers impacted long-term development.