Reconquista

In 711, the Moors crossed the Mediterranean Sea from North Africa and invaded the Iberian Peninsula, eventually advancing into Europe and controlling the majority of the peninsula over the next seven years.

The Christians under Pelayo defeated the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga, marking the beginning of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula.

In 718, the Reconquista officially began with the victory of Pelayo at the Battle of Covadonga, a significant event in the Christian efforts to reclaim the Iberian Peninsula from Moorish rule.

The Moors suffer a significant defeat in France, halting their advance, at the Battle of Toulouse.

The Battle of Covadonga was a significant victory for the Christians in the Iberian Peninsula, where Pelagius of Asturias defeated a Muslim force, establishing the monarchy of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias.

Almanzor leads the devastating Sack of Barcelona from July 1st to 6th.

On June 2, 1010, the rebels successfully defeated the Caliphate forces at the Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr.

On December 24, 1065, Ferdinand I of León becomes ill and dies after the Battle of Paterna. His sons Alfonso VI of León and Garcia II of Galicia succeed him.

King Alfonso VI of León and Castile successfully captures the city of Toledo from the Moors, marking a significant victory in the Reconquista.

Yusuf ibn Tashfin led the Moors to victory over Alfonso VI and Álvar Fáñez at the Battle of Sagrajas on October 23. This battle was a significant setback for the Christian forces.

In 1094, Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, established his own short-lived kingdom at Valencia, becoming a prominent figure in the conflicts between Christian and Muslim kingdoms in Spain.

El Cid, a legendary figure in Spanish history, passed away. His widow Jimena Díaz took over the rule of Valencia.

The First Crusade concluded successfully with the Battle of Ascalon. Crusaders who later participated in the Reconquista included Gaston IV of Béarn, Rotrou III of Perche, Centule II of Bigorre, William IX of Aquitaine, Bernard Ato IV, and William V of Montpellier.

The Moors, led by Syr ibn Abi Bakr, successfully capture Santarém in the County of Portugal after defeating Henry of Portugal's forces.

Alfonso I of Aragon passed away, leading to the succession of Ramiro II of Aragon and García Ramírez of Navarre in those territories. Navarre gained independence, while Alfonso VII of León and Castile became Imperator totius Hispaniae alongside his mother Urraca.

After a decisive victory in the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, Afonso Henriques was declared the first King of Portugal by his troops. Legend has it that Christ himself announced Afonso's great deeds, leading to his coronation and the establishment of the first Portuguese Cortes.

Alfonso VII of León and Castile successfully captures the city of Coria from the Moors during the second Siege of Coria.

In the Treaty of Zamora, Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile officially recognized Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León, solidifying Portugal's status as a separate kingdom.

Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso Henriques as the legitimate King of Portugal through the papal bull Manifestis Probatum, further legitimizing his rule.

In 1212, a coalition of three Spanish kings achieved a significant victory at Las Navas de Tolosa, dealing a blow to the Muslim forces that they would not recover from.

After the Siege of Córdoba, Ferdinand III of Castile successfully captures the city from Ibn Hud, reclaiming it from the Moors who had held it since 711.

Valencia fell to the Christian forces in 1238, marking another significant gain in the Reconquista campaign against Muslim territories.

Ferdinand III of Castile, with the support of Ramón de Bonifaz, emerges victorious over the Moors led by Axataf after a 16-month long Siege of Seville.

Afonso III of Portugal, along with Paio Peres Correia, successfully captures the Algarve from the Taifa of Niebla after the Siege of Faro, marking the completion of the Portuguese conquest of the Algarve and their efforts in the Reconquista.

Following the 11-month Siege of Jerez, the Moorish enclave of Jerez de la Frontera was integrated into the Crown of Castile on November 25, 1261. Nuño González de Lara, a prominent Castilian nobleman, was appointed as the castillian of the Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera.

King Denis of Portugal signed the Treaty of Alcanizes with Ferdinand IV of Castile, establishing a permanent border between the two kingdoms and ensuring peace between them.

The Battle of Río Salado on October 30, 1340, was a crucial battle where the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Portugal defeated the Marinid Sultanate, consolidating Christian control in the region.

On April 13, 1362, Muhammad VI of Granada fled Granada and was murdered by the orders of Peter of Castile two weeks later.

On March 13, 1366, Henry of Trastámara was proclaimed king of Castile.

Henry of Trastámara defeats his half-brother Peter of Castile at the Battle of Montiel, marking the end of the Castilian Civil War.

Ferdinand I of Aragon achieves a significant victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Antequera, marking the first such triumph in fifty years.

In 1437, there was a notable attack on the Moroccan coast, specifically targeting Tangiers, as part of sporadic assaults on Muslim territories outside of Spain.

In 1468, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married, uniting the two powerful kingdoms and laying the foundation for the unification of Spain.

In 1469, King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile were married, uniting the nation of Spain after years of fighting.

In 1471, there was another attack on the Moroccan coast, this time focusing on Arzila, as Christian forces continued to engage in sporadic military actions beyond the Iberian Peninsula.

Castile and Aragon signed the Treaty of Alcalá de Henares on December 19th, pledging to support each other in the conquest of Granada and dividing its territories between them.

Christian forces capture Alhama de Granada, marking the beginning of the Granada War.

Spain conquers the city of Málaga after the 103-day Siege of Málaga, following earlier attacks on Ronda and Vélez-Málaga.

Muhammad XII surrenders Granada to the Catholic Monarchs, concluding the Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista, marking the end of Muslim rule in Al-Andalus.

On September 17, 1502, the forced conversion of Muslims began in the Crown of Castile by the edict of Isabella I.

King Philip III of Spain orders the expulsion of the Moriscos, descendants of Muslims who were forcibly converted to Christianity, from the country.