Intellectual stance questioning objective reality and grand narratives
Intellectual stance questioning objective reality and grand narratives
Postmodernism emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction against modernism, challenging certainty of knowledge and embracing relativism and pluralism. It is associated with critical theory and deconstruction, critiqued for promoting obscurantism and abandoning scientific rigor.
The term 'postmodern' was first used in 1870 by the artist John Watkins Chapman to describe a departure from French Impressionism in painting.
1914
J. M. Thompson's use of 'Postmodernism'
In 1914, Episcopal priest and cultural commentator J. M. Thompson used the term 'Postmodernism' to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion.
1922-11-11
Kurt Vonnegut's Famous Works
Kurt Vonnegut, known for works like Slaughterhouse-Five and Breakfast of Champions, was a key figure in postmodernist literature and associated with the Beat Generation.
1926
Bernard Iddings Bell's 'Postmodernism and Other Essays'
In 1926, Bernard Iddings Bell, an Episcopal priest, published 'Postmodernism and Other Essays', marking the first use of the term to describe a historical period following modernity.
1939
First Citing of Post-Modernism
In 1939, the term 'Post-Modernism' was first cited, marking the beginning of a new era in art, literature, and culture.
1942
H. R. Hays' description of Postmodernism in literature
In 1942, literary critic H. R. Hays described postmodernism as a new literary form.
1945-08-06
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima marked a pivotal moment in history, signifying the transition from modernism to postmodernism due to the realization of instant destruction despite hard work.
1946
Publication of 'Exactitude in Science'
The publication of 'Exactitude in Science' in 1946 is a notable event in the realm of postmodernism, emphasizing the importance of precision in scientific endeavors.
1947
Term Postmodernism Coined by Arnold J. Toynbee
In 1947, Arnold J. Toynbee coined the term 'Postmodernism' in his work 'A Study of History', defining it as a period of disruption and irrationality that needed to be addressed.
1949
First use of 'Postmodernism' in architecture
In 1949, the term 'postmodernism' was first used in architecture to describe a dissatisfaction with the modernist architectural movement known as the International Style.
1958
C. W. Mills uses the term post-modern
In 1958, sociologist C. W. Mills introduces the term 'post-modern' to describe a new approach that challenges the traditional ideologies of capitalism and communism.
1960
Publication of 'The End of Ideology' by Daniel Bell
Daniel Bell, a U.S. sociologist, publishes his book 'The End of Ideology', the first of a trilogy where he argues that western societies are transitioning into a new phase called 'the post-industrial society'.
1961
Catch-22 Is Published
The novel Catch-22 by Joseph Heller, published in 1961, reflects on World War II while also foreshadowing the anti-war sentiments that emerged during the Vietnam War. It follows the story of Captain John Yossarian, an Air Force pilot, who views war as sheer madness, condemning the act of war and those responsible for it.
1962
Publication of Pale Fire
Pale Fire, published in 1962, is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov featuring a foreword by Charles Kinbote. The book consists of a poem titled 'Pale Fire' by John Shade, accompanied by Kinbote's extensive commentary. It is considered one of Nabokov's most postmodern works.
1965
Expression in new 'post-modern' literature by Lelie Friedler
In 1965, Lelie Friedler contributes to the emergence of 'post-modern' literature, reflecting the shifting cultural and literary trends towards postmodernism.
1966
Publication of 'Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture' by Robert Venturi
In 1966, architect Robert Venturi published 'Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture', a text that critiqued Modernism and advocated for a revival of historical elements in architectural design, laying the groundwork for the emergence of Postmodernism.
1967
Guy Debord 'The Society of the Spectacle'
French Situationist Guy Debord writes 'The Society of the Spectacle', a significant work in the realm of postmodernism.
1968
Amitai Etzioni 'Active Society'
U.S. sociologist Amitai Etzioni introduces the concept of postmodernism in his book 'Active Society'.
1969
Slaughterhouse-Five
Slaughterhouse-Five, published in 1969, follows the story of WWII soldier Billy Pilgrim who experiences time travel, relives past events, and encounters extraterrestrial beings. The novel delves into themes of war, trauma, and the human experience.
1970
Metafiction
Metafiction emerged as a literary genre in 1970, characterized by self-referentiality and challenging traditional narrative conventions. It often blurs the line between fiction and reality, inviting readers to question the nature of storytelling and authorship.
1971
Publication of 'The Postmodern Turn' by Ihab Hassan
In 1971, Ihab Hassan wrote 'The Postmodern Turn', challenging previous definitions of postmodernism and proposing a progressive view.
1972-07-15
Demolition of the Pruitt Igoe housing scheme
The Pruitt Igoe housing scheme in St Louis, Missouri was demolished, marking the end of the modern world according to architecture critic Charles Jencks.
1973
Daniel Bell publishes 'The Coming of Post-Industrial Society'
In 1973, Daniel Bell published 'The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting,' which, along with his previous work 'The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties,' suggests the transition of modern societies into a post-industrial knowledge society.
1974
Jean Baudrillard publishes 'The Mirror of Production'
In 1974, Jean Baudrillard's 'The Mirror of Production' was published, marking his departure from Marxism in his writings.
1975
Alain Touraine publishes 'The post-industrial society'
In 1975, French sociologist Alain Touraine's 'The post-industrial society: tomorrow's social history: classes, conflicts and culture in the programmed society' was published in English.
1976
Daniel Bell's 'The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism'
In 1976, Daniel Bell published 'The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism' where he critiques the hyper-individualism and lack of civic responsibility in U.S. society.
1977
Charles Jencks' 'Language of Post-Modern Architecture'
In 1977, the first edition of Charles Jencks' 'Language of Post-Modern Architecture' was released, where he discusses the concept of 'double-coding' in postmodern architecture.
1978
Edward Said's 'Orientalism'
In 1978, Edward Said published 'Orientalism', a seminal work critiquing Western representations of the Middle East.
1979
Publication of 'The Postmodern Condition' by Jean-François Lyotard
In 1979, Jean-François Lyotard published 'The Postmodern Condition', a significant work that explores the nature of knowledge in the postmodern era.
1981
Publication of 'Simulacra and Simulation' by Jean Baudrillard
Jean Baudrillard's 'Simulacra and Simulation' was released in 1981, exploring the concept of simulacra and the simulation of reality in contemporary society.
1983
Publication of 'Postmodernism and Consumer Society' by Fredric Jameson
Fredric Jameson's 'Postmodernism and Consumer Society' was published in 1983, delving into the relationship between postmodernism and consumer culture.
1984
Publication of 'Order Out of Chaos'
In 1984, the book 'Order Out of Chaos' by Ilya Prigogine & Isabelle Stengers was published, considered a significant work in postmodern science.
1985
Release of 'White Noise'
In 1985, Don DeLillo's novel 'White Noise' was released.
1986
Publication of 'Reading The Law'
In 1986, Peter Goodrich published 'Reading The Law', raising questions about a postmodern approach to law.
1987
Release of 'Toward a Concept of Postmodernism'
In 1987, Ihab Hassan's work 'Toward a Concept of Postmodernism' was published.
1988
Publication of 'A Poetics of Postmodernism' by Linda Hutcheon
Linda Hutcheon's book 'A Poetics of Postmodernism' is released, reflecting a rising fascination with postmodernist theory, particularly among feminists.
1989
Publication of 'The Definitive Guide to the Postmodern Scene' by Arthur and David Cook
Arthur and David Cook's book 'The Definitive Guide to the Postmodern Scene' is published in 1989.
1990
Publication of 'The Condition of Postmodernity' by David Harvey
In 1990, David Harvey's book 'The Condition of Postmodernity' is published. The book provides a Marxist perspective on postmodernism, arguing that it is a specific phase in the evolution of capitalism.
1991
Frederic Jameson publishes 'Post-modernism'
Frederic Jameson's book 'Post-modernism' aims to combine the economic theories of Marxist Ernest Mandel and early works of Baudrillard. Jameson highlights the Bonaventura Hotel in Los Angeles as an example of postmodern architecture that challenges individuals to expand their perceptions and physical boundaries.
1992
Publication of Constructing Postmodernism by Brian McHale
Brian McHale's book provides readings of postmodern fiction and discusses contemporary writers labeled as cyberpunk, further exploring the realm of postmodern literature.
1993
Written on the Body by Jeanette Winterson
Jeanette Winterson's novel 'Written on the Body' was published in 1993.
1994
Hyper/Text/Theory by George Landow
George Landow's book 'Hyper/Text/Theory' was published in 1994.
1996
Publication of 'The Allusions of Postmodernism' by Terry Eagleton
In 1996, British literary critic Terry Eagleton published 'The Allusions of Postmodernism', a critique of the ideological foundations of postmodernism, suggesting it as a result of a 'failure of nerve' in certain political circles.
1997
Publication of 'Postmodernism Is Not What You Think' by Charles Lemert
In 1997, Charles Lemert published 'Postmodernism Is Not What You Think', offering a different perspective on postmodernism.
1998
Dennis Smith defines postmodernity as modernity's 'serpent'
Dennis Smith provides a definition of postmodernity as a concept intertwined with modernity, often symbolized as a 'serpent'.
2003
Post-postmodernism
The terms Post-postmodernism and postpoststructuralism were first coined in 2003 to challenge postmodernism. It explores the transition from 'pomo' (cyborgism) to 'popo' (postcyborgism) in the context of cultural and societal changes.
2007
Declarations of Postmodernism's Demise
In 2007, Andrew Hoberek noted that declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace. Various theories like performatism, hypermodernity, altermodern, and digimodernism have been proposed to describe culture or society in the aftermath of postmodernism.
2011-09-24
Postmodernism: Style & Subversion Exhibition
The exhibition titled Postmodernism: Style & Subversion 1970 – 1990 was held at the V&A South Kensington from September 24, 2011, to January 15, 2012. It showcased various artworks and designs from the postmodern era.
2014
Critique of Postmodernist Relativism
In 2014, philosophers Theodore Schick and Lewis Vaughn critiqued postmodernist relativism by pointing out the self-contradictory nature of the statement 'No unrestricted universal generalizations are true'. They argued that if relativism is true, it is false.