Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Sartre was born on June 21, 1905, in Paris, France. He was a prominent philosopher, playwright, novelist, and political activist known for his contributions to existentialism.

In 1929, Jean-Paul Sartre met Simone de Beauvoir, a feminist and philosopher, and they developed a close companionship that lasted for the rest of their lives.

Jean-Paul Sartre became a Professor of Philosophy at Le Havre in 1931.

Around 1933, Sartre experienced a significant event that caused him to turn pale with emotion, as described by de Beauvoir. This event marked a shift in his philosophical concerns.

In 1934, Jean-Paul Sartre took a one-year sabbatical at the French Institute in Berlin, where he delved into modern German philosophy, particularly the works of Heidegger and Husserl. This experience influenced his thinking, especially the atheistic nature of Heidegger's philosophy.

Sartre started working on a personal essay while in Berlin, which later became his significant philosophical work, Transcendence of the Ego.

Jean-Paul Sartre's 'The Transcendence of the Ego' was originally published in 1937 and later reissued in 1991, presenting an existentialist theory of consciousness.

Nausea was published in 1938. It is a philosophical novel by Jean-Paul Sartre that explores the existential crisis of the protagonist. The novel is considered one of Sartre's most important works.

In 1939, Jean-Paul Sartre was conscripted into the French army to participate in World War II. He was later captured as a prisoner in 1940 and regained his freedom in 1941.

In 1940, during World War 2, Sartre, who was working as a Meteorologist in Alsace, was captured by the German Army and imprisoned for just under a year. This experience influenced his later existential themes.

In 1943, Jean-Paul Sartre's philosophical work 'L’être et le néant' was published in Paris by Gallimard. It explores existentialist themes such as freedom, responsibility, and the nature of consciousness.

In 1944, Jean-Paul Sartre quickly wrote and published 'Anti-semite and the Jew', where he argues about the concept of passive complicity and how individuals sustain unjust systems through their choices and ignorance.

The inaugural issue of Les Temps modernes in October 1945 articulated the vision of social responsibility, which later became a key aspect of political existentialism.

Jean-Paul Sartre introduced his philosophy in the work 'Existentialism Is a Humanism' (L'existentialisme est un humanisme) in 1946. Originally presented as a lecture, this work delved into the essence of existentialism.

No Exit premiered in 1947. It is a play by Jean-Paul Sartre that explores the concept of hell as other people. The play is known for its existential themes and famous line 'Hell is other people'.

In 1949, Jean-Paul Sartre completed the novel 'Iron in the Soul', which was part of The Roads to Freedom series. This marked the completion of the third volume of the series.

In his political phase, Sartre adopted a new, material view of freedom, emphasizing the 'situation' and criticizing all 'inward' notions of freedom.

In 1956, Jean-Paul Sartre's 'L’être et le néant' was translated by Hazel E. Barnes as 'Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology' and published in New York by Philosophical Library.

In 1957, Jean-Paul Sartre published 'Critique of Dialectical Reason', where he discusses the compatibility of historical materialism and existentialism. He argues that historical materialism provides the only valid interpretation of history while existentialism is the only concrete approach to reality.

Sartre's essay 'We Are All Assassins' epitomizes his view that average French citizens are all equally culpable for the French government's action of enforcing the death penalty.

On October 22, 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre is awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, which he declines. Sartre, a prominent figure in existentialism, believed in the individual's responsibility to create meaning in life.

Sartre's preface to the French Critique, introducing the 'progressive-regressive' method that combines psychological and sociological explanations of human action.

In 1971, Jean-Paul Sartre published The Family Idiot, expressing his final views on the relation between individuals and social wholes. This work showcased Sartre's nuanced perspective on the tension between individual freedom and historical forces.

The two-volume work 'The Writings of Jean-Paul Sartre' by Michel Contat and Michel Rybalka was published in 1974. It was translated by Richard C. McCleary and is part of the Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology & Existential Philosophy.

The work 'The Writings of Jean-Paul Sartre' was updated in 1975 by Magazine littéraire, with the publication of issues 103–104 containing further insights and analysis on Sartre's works.

Sartre's exploration of existential psychoanalysis through essays.

In 1978, Josie, Frantz Fanon's widow, criticized Jean-Paul Sartre for his pro-Israel stance during the Six-Day War, considering it inconsistent with the anti-colonialist position of Fanon's work. This led to the omission of Sartre's preface from some editions of 'The Wretched of the Earth.'

Jean-Paul Sartre passed away in Paris due to pulmonary edema. He had a significant impact on literature and philosophy with works like Nausea, No Exit, The Devil and the Good Lord, Critique of Dialectical Reason, and Saint Genet.

50,000 Parisians gathered at Montparnasse Cemetery to accompany Jean-Paul Sartre's cortege during his funeral. His body was initially buried in a temporary grave and later cremated at Père-Lachaise Cemetery.

Paul Arthur Schilpp edited a book titled 'The Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre' in 1981 as part of the Library of Living Philosophers series, providing insights into Sartre's philosophical ideas and contributions.

Sartre's surviving notebooks, outlining his plans for a major work in ethical theory and developed political views through a dialogue with Hegel and Marx, were published posthumously as Notebooks for an Ethics in 1982.

In 1983, the posthumous work by Jean-Paul Sartre, Cahiers pour une morale, was published in Paris by Gallimard. It was later translated as Notebook for an Ethics by David Pellauer and released by the University of Chicago Press in 1992.

Sartre believes that the 'group in fusion' represents a temporary state of unalienated condition within society, where individuals come together through praxis in response to a common threat or situation.

The second volume of Jean-Paul Sartre's 'Critique of Dialectical Reason', delving deeper into his philosophical exploration of Marxism and existentialism.

In 1986, the University of Chicago Press released a commentary on Jean-Paul Sartre's 'Critique of Dialectical Reason, Volume 1, Theory of Practical Ensembles'.

In 1993, Andrew Dobson published a book titled 'Jean-Paul Sartre and the Politics of Reason: A Theory of History' which explores the relationship between Jean-Paul Sartre's philosophy and politics.

In 1997, Thomas R. Flynn delved into the connections between Jean-Paul Sartre, Michel Foucault, and historical perspectives in a publication.

In 2005, the complete works of theater by Jean-Paul Sartre, titled Théâtre complet, was published in Paris by Gallimard under the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade collection.

The entry on Jean-Paul Sartre was published in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy in the Fall 2013 edition, edited by Edward N. Zalta.

Sartre believed that novels should immerse the reader in the fictional world to experience events as if living them. This concept, known as phenomenological literary realism, had a significant impact on French literature in the following decades.

In 2018, a new translation of Jean-Paul Sartre's 'Being and Nothingness' was done by Sarah Richmond and published in London by Routledge. The work continues to be a significant contribution to existentialist philosophy.