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2024-04-20 12:30:23

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher of the Enlightenment era
German philosopher of the Enlightenment era
Immanuel Kant, a central figure in modern Western philosophy, is known for his works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. He proposed transcendental idealism and emphasized the role of reason in morality and aesthetics.
0000
Hypothetical Imperative
A type of imperative that prescribes how one should act only if they choose to pursue a specific goal to satisfy a desire. An example is 'if you want coffee, then go to the cafe.'
5
Kant's concept of noumenal self
Kant's concept of noumenal self suggests that it is an uncaused cause outside of time, not bound by deterministic laws of nature like our understanding constructs experience.
1398
Kant's Principle of Coexistence
Immanuel Kant's Principle of Coexistence emphasizes the reciprocal and harmonious dependency between governance and reality. It highlights the idea that metaphysical cognition concludes with reciprocal interaction, leading to a dynamic structural bond.
1700-01-01
Kant's reconciliation of Leibniz and Descartes
Kant used Bilfinger's rule to reconcile the conflicting views of Leibniz and Descartes on force in his critical writings.
1714
Criticism of Leibniz and Wolff's Doctrine
Kant rejects the doctrine of pre-established harmony proposed by Leibniz and Wolff. He argues against the idea that substances do not interact and supports the concept that substances have 'windows' through which they interact.
1716
Kant's Employment as a Tutor
Immanuel Kant began working as a tutor for the Keyserlingk family. Despite not being enthusiastic about the job, he formed lifelong friendships with some of his charges and colleagues, including Andersch and Hülsen.
1723
Wolff's expulsion from Prussia
In 1723, the theologian Lange orchestrated the expulsion of Wolff from Prussia due to his Leibnizian leanings, triggering a heated debate over Wolff's views.
1724-04-22
Birth of Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher and the founder of German classical philosophy, was born on April 22, 1724. His philosophical ideas played a significant role in the transition from the Enlightenment to Romanticism.
1726
Johann Weitenkampf born
Johann Weitenkampf was born in 1726.
1727-01-02
Birth of Kant’s younger sister, Maria Elisabeth
Kant's younger sister, Maria Elisabeth, was born on January 2nd.
1729-02-22
Death of Kant's younger sister, Anna Katharina
Immanuel Kant's younger sister, Anna Katharina, died as an infant on February 22nd.
1730
Kant studies Newton's guidelines
Immanuel Kant, who had previously studied Newton's insights, now delves into his guidelines outlined in the 'Rules of Philosophy' of the Principia and the queries of the Opticks.
1731-09-15
Birth of Kant’s youngest sister, Catharina Barbara
On September 15, 1731, Kant's youngest sister, Catharina Barbara, was born. She would later help care for him during his last six months, along with their brother Johann.
1732
Immanuel Kant's Education at Collegium Fridericianum
In 1732, Pastor Schulz arranged for Immanuel Kant, who was eight years old at the time, to continue his education at the Collegium Fridericianum. This opportunity was significant for Kant, as it diverted him from the traditional path of apprenticeship at his father's shop.
1734-01-17
Augustus III becomes King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania
On January 17, 1734, Augustus III, known for being favored by the Austrians and Russians, became the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, holding the position until 1763.
1735-11-28
Birth of Kant’s younger brother, Johann Heinrich
In 1735, on November 28, Kant's younger and only surviving brother, Johann Heinrich, was born.
1737-12-18
Death of Kant’s mother, Anna Regina (Reuter) Kant
On December 18, 1737, Kant's mother, Anna Regina (Reuter) Kant, passed away at the age of 40.
1740-01
Immanuel Kant enters University of Königsberg
In January 1740, Immanuel Kant began his education journey by entering the University of Königsberg. This marked the beginning of his academic pursuits and philosophical studies.
1740-09
Enrollment at the University of Königsberg
At the age of 16, Immanuel Kant enrolled at the University of Königsberg in September 1740, where he would spend the rest of his professional life. He studied the philosophy of Leibniz and Wolff under the guidance of Martin Knutzen.
1741-09-24
Matriculation of Immanuel Kant at the University in Königsberg
Immanuel Kant enrolled at the university in Königsberg in 1741, where he studied philosophy, mathematics, natural sciences, and theology while supporting himself through tutoring and playing billiards.
1744
Kant starts writing his first book
In 1744, Immanuel Kant began writing his first book titled 'Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces'. This work dealt with a problem related to kinetic forces and marked the beginning of his academic career.
1745
Kant's Conceptual Philosophical Inquiry
In 1745, Kant started his conceptual philosophical inquiry into reality, questioning the certainty of metaphysics. By 1764, Kant concluded that certainty was not yet achievable, realizing his previous works were premature.
1746-03-24
Death of Kant’s father
Johann Georg Kant, father of Immanuel Kant, passed away on March 24, 1746.
1746-05-12
Appointment of Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis was appointed as the president of the newly-reorganized Berlin Academy of Sciences on May 12, 1746.
1747
Kant's Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces
Kant's first published work in 1747, which aimed to mediate a dispute in natural philosophy between Leibnizians and Newtonians over the proper measurement of force.
1748-08
Kant works as a Hofmeister
From August 1748 until his promotion to Privatdozent in 1755, Immanuel Kant worked as a Hofmeister or house tutor with two families in the Königsberg area.
1749
Publication of Kant's Living Forces
Immanuel Kant published his work 'Living Forces' in 1749, which was one of his early attempts to settle a scientific dispute. However, the publication was considered a failure as it appeared too late and Kant was unaware of the research by d'Alembert and Euler.
1750
Georg Bernhard Bilfinger influences Kant's thought
Georg Bernhard Bilfinger, who was Christian Wolff's former assistant at Halle, had a significant influence on Immanuel Kant's thought. Bilfinger's heuristic method inspired Kant's project of Living Forces, emphasizing the importance of identifying truth.
1751-01-29
Death of Martin Knutzen
On January 29, 1751, Martin Knutzen, who was Immanuel Kant's former university professor, passed away at the age of 37. Knutzen had a significant influence on Kant's philosophical development.
1752
Marriage of Kant's Sister Maria Elisabeth
In 1752, Immanuel Kant's younger sister Maria Elisabeth, born in 1727, married a shoemaker named Kröhnert. This event marked a personal milestone in Kant's family life.
1754
Kant began teaching at the Albertina
In 1754, Immanuel Kant started teaching at the Albertina, where he would continue to teach philosophy for the next four decades until his retirement in 1796.
1755-01-24
Kant publishes article on earthquakes
On January 24, Kant published the first of three articles on earthquakes, discussing the causes of terrestrial convulsions in Western Europe. This marked the beginning of his series of writings on the subject.
1755-03-23
Kant submits Latin disputation to philosophy faculty
On March 23, Kant submitted his third Latin disputation to the philosophy faculty, titled 'The Employment in Natural Philosophy of Metaphysics combined with Geometry'. This submission was part of his application for the associate professorship.
1755-04-08
Kant applies for associate professorship
On April 8, Kant applied for the position of associate professor of Logic and Metaphysics previously held by Knutzen. Despite his application, the position remained vacant.
1755-04-10
Public defense of Physical Monadology
On April 10, Kant publicly defended his work on Physical Monadology. This defense marked a significant moment in his academic career and contributions to philosophy.
1755-05-13
Completion of examen rigorosum for the Magister degree
On May 13, Kant successfully completed the examen rigorosum for the Magister degree.
1755-06-12
Award of Magister degree to Kant
On June 12, Kant received the Magister degree in a public ceremony at the university's large auditorium, followed by a brief speech in Latin.
1756
Physical Monadology
In 1756, Kant wrote the 'Physical Monadology' in hopes of becoming an associate professor of logic and metaphysics. However, he failed to secure the position. The work further developed his ideas on the interaction of finite substances.
1757
Lecturing on geography
In 1757, Immanuel Kant began lecturing on geography, becoming one of the first to explicitly teach geography as a subject. His lectures on geography were popular and contributed to the development of the field.
1759-07-24
Meeting between Kant, Johann Georg Hamann, and Christoph Berens
On July 24, Kant has his first encounter with Johann Georg Hamann arranged by Christoph Berens. This meeting marks the beginning of a series of interactions between Kant and Hamann.
1759-10-07
Publication of lecture announcement for the winter semester
On October 7, Kant publishes a lecture announcement for the winter semester titled 'An Attempt at Some Reflections on Optimism.' This marks the beginning of his academic activities for the upcoming semester.
1761
Prussian Academy announces question for public competition
In 1761, the Prussian Academy announced a question for the public competition of 1763 regarding whether metaphysical principles, such as natural theology and morals, could be proven with the same clarity and precision as the truths of geometry.
1762-06-03
Submission of Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy
On June 3, 1762, Kant submits his work titled Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy to the university censor. This writing marks Kant's exploration of philosophical concepts and his attempts to introduce new ideas into the field.
1762-08-10
Kant's Letter to Charlotte von Knobloch regarding Swedenborg
On August 10, 1762, Kant writes a letter to Charlotte von Knobloch discussing Swedenborg and related topics. This correspondence sparks Kant's interest in Swedenborg, eventually leading to the publication of Kant's work Dreams of a Spirit-Seer in 1766.
1763-12-31
Kant submits his Prize Essay to the Prussian Royal Academy
On December 31, 1763, Immanuel Kant submitted his Prize Essay to the Prussian Royal Academy. This essay would later be published in 1764, marking a significant moment in Kant's academic career.
1764
Publication of The New Organon
In 1764, Immanuel Kant published his work titled The New Organon. In this book, Kant proposed his own project of a 'general phenomenology' as a necessary foundation for the science of metaphysics.
1764-04-07
Death of Johann Daniel Funk
Kant's close friend, the law professor Johann Daniel Funk, passes away at the age of 42.
1764-08-05
Offer of Professorship of Poetry to Kant
Kant is offered the professorship of poetry but declines, leading to the position being given to his friend Johann Lindner.
1764-09-07
Stanislas Poniatowski Becomes King of Poland
Stanislas Poniatowski, favored by Catherine the Great, ascends as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
1764-11-11
Devastating Fire in Königsberg
Königsberg is ravaged by a fire, destroying numerous houses, warehouses, the Löbenicht Church, and claiming many lives, leading to delays in Herder's plans.
1764-11-22
Johann Gottfried Herder leaves Königsberg after attending Kant's lectures
Johann Gottfried Herder arrived in Königsberg in early August and began attending Immanuel Kant's lectures. He left two years later on November 22, 1764, after being the earliest student to take notes on various subjects.
1765
Kant reads Emmanuel Swedenborg's Heavenly Secrets
In 1765, Immanuel Kant, aged forty-one, read the work 'Heavenly Secrets' by the Swedish mystic Emmanuel Swedenborg. The book detailed Swedenborg's visions of angels and their spiritual world. Kant, initially intrigued by the clairvoyant's exploits, ultimately deemed the work a fraud and wrote a scathing satire titled 'Dreams of a Spirit-Seer'.
1766-04-08
Kant's pre-critical project comes to a halt
On April 8, 1766, before his forty-second birthday, Immanuel Kant's entire pre-critical project, which he had been working on since he was twenty, came to a sudden stop. This event marked a significant turning point in Kant's philosophical journey.
1768-12-31
Kant's letter to Lambert
On December 31, 1768, Kant wrote a letter to Lambert expressing his confidence in the method that needs to be followed.
1769-12-15
Kant declines offer of Logic and Metaphysics chair at Erlangen
Immanuel Kant rejects an offer to occupy the Logic and Metaphysics chair at Erlangen, a significant decision in his academic career.
1770-01-09
Philosophical Work of Immanuel Kant
On January 9, 1770, Immanuel Kant started his philosophical work.
1770-01-12
Immanuel Kant declines offer to teach at Jena
In January 1770, Immanuel Kant declined a potential teaching position at Jena. This decision may have influenced his career path and academic pursuits.
1770-03-31
Formal offer of chair of Logic and Metaphysics to Immanuel Kant by King Friedrich II
On March 31, 1770, King Friedrich II made a formal offer to Immanuel Kant for the chair of Logic and Metaphysics. This offer marked a significant milestone in Kant's academic journey.
1770-05-02
Official installation of Immanuel Kant into professorship
On May 2, 1770, Immanuel Kant was officially installed into his professorship by the Academic Senate. This marked the beginning of Kant's tenure as a full professor, starting with the summer semester.
1770-07-09
Marcus Herz writes to Immanuel Kant about Adam Smith
On July 9, 1771, Marcus Herz wrote to Immanuel Kant discussing his comments on Adam Smith, who was known to be Kant's favorite English philosopher. This correspondence sheds light on Kant's intellectual influences.
1771-03-10
Criticism of Discipline in School
In a letter dated March 10, 1771, David Ruhnken, a former classmate of Immanuel Kant, criticized the strict discipline and adherence to religious dogma in the school. He referred to it as the 'discipline of the fanatics'.
1771-06-07
Kant mentions 'The Limits of Sensibility and of Reason'
On June 7, 1771, Immanuel Kant mentioned to Marcus Herz that he was working on a piece titled 'The Limits of Sensibility and of Reason,' which he further discussed in a letter to Herz on February 21 the following year.
1771-08-21
Kant's Inaugural Dissertation
On August 21, 1771, Immanuel Kant presented his pro loco Latin disputation, known as the 'Inaugural Dissertation,' upon accepting the chair of Logic and Metaphysics. The dissertation focused on the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World.
1772-02-21
Kant discovers key to metaphysics
In a letter to Marcus Herz, Kant reveals that he has unlocked the secret of metaphysics, specifically focusing on the relationship between representation and the object. He expresses his readiness to develop a critique of pure reason encompassing theoretical and practical knowledge.
1775-04
Kant publishes a lecture announcement for the summer semester on the Different Races of Humankind
In April 1775, Immanuel Kant released a lecture announcement for the upcoming summer semester titled 'On the Different Races of Humankind.'
1776-03-28
Kant publishes an essay in support of Basedow’s Philanthropinum
On March 28, 1776, Immanuel Kant published the first of two essays in support of Basedow’s Philanthropinum, an experimental school in Dessau.
1776-04-22
Kant becomes dean of the Philosophy Faculty
On April 22, 1776, Immanuel Kant commenced his first semester as the dean of the Philosophy Faculty, which also involved membership on the Academic Senate for the summer semester.
1777-02-28
Kant offers remarks at J. G. Kreutzfeld’s inaugural dissertation
On February 28, 1777, Immanuel Kant provided remarks in Latin at J. G. Kreutzfeld’s inaugural dissertation titled “Concerning Sensory Illusion and Poetic Fiction”.
1777-03-27
Publication of Kant's essay in support of Basedow’s Philanthropinum
On March 27, 1777, Immanuel Kant published the second of two essays in support of Basedow’s Philanthropinum, an experimental school in Dessau, titled “Philanthropinum”.
1778-02-28
Minister Zedlitz encourages Kant to accept a professorship at Halle
On February 28, Minister Zedlitz urged Immanuel Kant to take a professorship at Halle with a significant salary increase, but Kant declined the offer.
1778-07-01
Swiss mathematician Johan Bernoulli meets Kant in Königsberg
In July 1, Swiss mathematician Johan Bernoulli had a meeting with Immanuel Kant in Königsberg during a three-day visit, where they discussed Kant's upcoming philosophical writings.
1779-10-11
Kant begins his second term as dean of the Philosophy Faculty
On October 11, Immanuel Kant started his second term as the dean of the Philosophy Faculty, which required him to serve on the Academic Senate for the winter semester.
1781
Kant's Critique of Pure Reason Published
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published his influential work 'Critique of Pure Reason'. This work revolutionized the fields of metaphysics and epistemology, introducing the concept of transcendental idealism.
1781-01-09
Publication of Kant's Fundamental Philosophical Work
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published a fundamental philosophical work that established him as one of the leading thinkers of the 18th century. This work, known for its impact on world philosophy, focused on the theory of knowledge.
1781-05-11
Publication of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, 1st edition, is presented at the Easter book fair on May 11, 1781.
1782-01-19
Publication of the Garve/Feder review of the Critique of Pure Reason
The review of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason by Garve and Feder is anonymously published in the Göttingischen Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen on January 19, 1782.
1783
Publication of Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as a Science by Immanuel Kant
In 1783, Immanuel Kant published 'Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as a Science'. The work serves as an introduction to his metaphysical theories.
1783-04-18
Encounter with Prof. Kant on Philosophical Walk
On April 18, 1783, an entry from Puttlich's diary described an encounter with Prof. Kant on the Philosophical Walk. Kant was seen strolling alone, deep in thought. This encounter provided a glimpse into Kant's daily life and habits.
1784
Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View
Immanuel Kant's brief work discussing the concept of freedom of the will and how human actions are determined by universal laws in the context of history.
1784-05-22
Kant moves into his own house at 87-88 Prinzessinstraße
On May 22, 1784, Immanuel Kant moves into his own house at 87-88 Prinzessinstraße. Prior to this, Kant had been renting rooms and dining at public inns.
1785
Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
In 1785, Immanuel Kant published 'Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals', a key text in the history of ethics. This work laid down the foundation for his ethical theory based on the categorical imperative.
1786
Introduction to Kant's Anthropology
Immanuel Kant's work focusing on the study of human nature and behavior, providing insights into the philosophical understanding of anthropology.
1786-04-18
Death of Kant's former publisher and landlord Johann Jakob Kanter
On April 18, 1786, Johann Jakob Kanter, who was Immanuel Kant's former publisher and landlord, passed away.
1786-05-01
Kant begins his first term as rector of the university
In May 1786, Immanuel Kant starts his first term as rector of the university for the summer semester. He is tasked with organizing the coronation of Friedrich Wilhelm II, who is the nephew and successor to Frederick the Great.
1786-06-27
Death of Kant’s close friend Joseph Green
On June 27, 1786, Immanuel Kant experiences the loss of his close friend of twenty years, Joseph Green, who was an English merchant.
1786-08-29
Cabinet-Order prohibits philosophy professors from lecturing on Kant’s writings
On August 29, 1786, a Cabinet-Order is issued, banning philosophy professors at Marburg from teaching Immanuel Kant's works during the upcoming winter semester.
1786-09-19
Coronation of Friedrich Wilhelm II in Königsberg
On September 19, 1786, the coronation of Friedrich Wilhelm II takes place in Königsberg. Immanuel Kant, serving as rector, is required to participate in the event.
1786-10-04
Publication of 'Philosophers’ Medicine'
On October 4, 1786, Kant published 'Philosophers’ Medicine'.
1786-12-19
Issuance of the 'Edict on Censorship'
On December 19, 1786, J. C. Wöllner issued the 'Edict on Censorship' to suppress irreligious publications in Berlin.
1787
Second Edition of Critique of Pure Reason
Kant released the second edition of his seminal work 'Critique of Pure Reason' in 1787. This edition further refined his ideas and solidified his critique of pure reason.
1787-04-07
Kant's Second Term as Rector of the University
On April 7, 1787, Immanuel Kant began his second term as rector of the university during the summer semester.
1787-10-01
Kant ends first term as rector of the university
In October 1787, Immanuel Kant concluded his first term as rector of the university, passing the office to Professor Reccard after the just concluded summer semester.
1787-10-08
Kant begins fifth term as dean of the Philosophy Faculty
On October 8, 1787, Immanuel Kant started his fifth term as dean of the Philosophy Faculty, which also marked the last semester he would teach a course on Theoretical Physics.
1787-12-07
Kant becomes corresponding member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences
On December 7, 1787, Immanuel Kant was appointed as a corresponding member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
1788-01-09
Kant assigns 12 categories of reason
In 1788, Kant assigned 12 categories of reason which included Unity, Many, Integrity, Reality, and others.
1790-04-20
Critique of the Power of Judgment 2nd Edition
On April 20, 1790, Immanuel Kant published the 2nd edition of his work 'Critique of the Power of Judgment.'
1791
On the Announcement of an (illegitimate) Edition of I. Kant’s Minor Writings
In 1791, there was an announcement regarding an illegitimate edition of Immanuel Kant's Minor Writings. The event is significant in the field of writings related to Kant's works.
1792-08-22
Kant jump-starts Fichte’s career
On August 22, 1792, Immanuel Kant played a significant role in jump-starting the career of Johann Gottlieb Fichte by writing about the author of the Essay Toward a Critique of All Revelation.
1793-09
On the Common Saying: ‘That may be correct in theory, but it is of no use in practice’
In September 1793, Immanuel Kant wrote about the common saying regarding theory and practice.
1794-08-08
Kant becomes a corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences
On August 8, 1794, Immanuel Kant was appointed as a corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1795-10-14
Order Forbidding Lectures on Kant's Work
Wöllner and Hillmer issue an order to the academic senate in Königsberg, on behalf of the king, prohibiting all professors from lecturing on Kant’s 'Religion within the limits of Reason Alone'.
1796-04-23
Death of Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel
Kant's former student and long-time friend, Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel, passes away at the age of 55.
1796-07-23
Kant Stops Lecturing Mid-Semester
Kant halts his lectures during the middle of the summer semester.
1797-01-05
Declaration regarding Hippel’s Authorship
A brief public notice correcting a current belief that Kant had written several of the anonymously-published works by Hippel.
1798-04-04
Kant becomes a corresponding member of the Siena Academy of Sciences
Kant's recognition and affiliation with the Siena Academy of Sciences as a corresponding member.
1799
Kant repudiates Fichte's original position
In 1799, Immanuel Kant publicly repudiated Johann Gottlieb Fichte's original position, which was quite different from Kant's own philosophy. This marked a significant moment in the development of German philosophy.
1800
Kant's Project in the Critique of Pure Reason
The main focus of Immanuel Kant's work in the Critique of Pure Reason is to explore the possibility of metaphysics in a specific manner. Kant aims to determine whether metaphysics is achievable independently of experience.
1801-06-24
Public Notice on Imm. Kant's Physical Geography
On June 24, 1801, a public notice was issued regarding the illegitimate edition of Imm. Kant's Physical Geography published by Vollmer.
1801-11-14
Kant's Retirement from Professorship
On November 14, 1801, Immanuel Kant agreed to retire from his professorship and the Academic Senate.
1802
Mortzfeld biography of Kant
Mortzfeld's biography of Immanuel Kant was published in 1802, providing an early source of information about the philosopher's life and work.
1803-01
Kant dismisses his long-time servant Martin Lampe
In January 1803, Immanuel Kant dismisses his long-time servant Martin Lampe and replaces him with a younger and more capable Johann Kaufmann. Kant is noted to no longer be reading or writing.
1803-07
Kant's memory deteriorates
In July 1803, it is mentioned that Immanuel Kant's memory has deteriorated almost completely.
1804
Kant dies
In 1804, the renowned philosopher Immanuel Kant passes away, leaving a profound impact on the history of philosophy.
1804-02-12
Death of Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant dies in Königsberg, East Prussia (Kaliningrad, Russia), marking the end of the life of one of the most influential philosophers in Western thought.
1804-02-28
Kant's funeral and interment
On February 28, 1804, Immanuel Kant's funeral takes place in the Cathedral and he is interred in the 'Professor Crypt' alongside the north wall of the Cathedral.
1804-04-23
Memorial address for Kant
On April 23, 1804, a memorial address for Immanuel Kant is delivered by Professor Wald in the large auditorium, where Kant's bust is unveiled and installed.
1805
Rink biography of Kant
Rink's biography of Immanuel Kant was published in 1805, adding to the early biographical accounts of the philosopher's life and contributions.
1808-04-25
Auctioning of Kant’s library
Kant's library was auctioned off between April 25-28, 1808.
1817
Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Influence by Kant
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was greatly influenced by Kant's ideas, particularly in understanding the mind as an active agent in perceiving reality. Coleridge played a significant role in spreading awareness of Kant and German Idealism in the UK and the US.
1817-02-12
Kant's Death
Immanuel Kant passed away on February 12, 1804. His philosophical legacy continues to influence various fields of study to this day.
1836-08-31
Purchase of Kant's house by Karl Gustav Döbbelin
In 1836, dentist Karl Gustav Döbbelin bought Kant's house where he both lived and practiced dentistry, and installed a memorial plaque on the house.
1860
Reicke biography of Kant
Reicke's biography of Immanuel Kant was published in 1860, providing further insights into the philosopher's life and legacy.
1864-10-18
Unveiling of Rauch’s Kant Monument on Kant Square
On October 18, 1864, Rauch's Kant Monument was unveiled on Kant Square, across the street from the north-west corner of the castle.
1865
Re-examination of Kant's ideas in Germany
In 1865, Otto Liebmann published 'Kant und die Epigonen', sparking a re-examination of Kant's ideas in Germany. This revival of Kant's theoretical philosophy, known as Neo-Kantianism, aimed to bring back the focus on Kant's concepts.
1880-11-21
Kant’s bones reburied
On November 21, 1880, Immanuel Kant's bones were reburied by Bessel Hagen.
1893-04-04
Kant’s house demolished
On April 4, 1893, Immanuel Kant's house located at Prinzessinstraße 3 was demolished as reported in the Illustrirte Zeitung.
1902
Publication of 'Anmerkungen zu Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte'
In 1902, Kurd Lasswitz published 'Anmerkungen zu Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte' in Kant's Akademie Edition, discussing the true estimation of living forces.
1909
Kant’s Philosophy
A publication from 1909 discussing Kant's philosophical ideas.
1923
Commentary to Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
N. Kemp Smith's commentary on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, first published in 1923 with a 2nd edition reprint in 1992.
1924
Hubble's Measure of the Luminosity of Distant Variable Stars
In 1924, Hubble measured the luminosity of distant variable stars using Kant's law, leading to the discoveries of cosmic expansion and the Big Bang.
1936
Kant’s Metaphysic of Experience
H. Paton's 'Kant’s Metaphysic of Experience' was published in 1936 by Allen & Unwin, delving into Kant's metaphysical views on experience.
1946
Königsberg Becomes Kaliningrad
The city of Königsberg, where Immanuel Kant was born, was renamed Kaliningrad after World War II. This change in name reflects the shifting political landscape of the region.
1947
Publication of The Categorical Imperative
The book 'The Categorical Imperative' was published in 1947.
1959
Kant’s Conception of the Highest Good as Immanent and Transcendent
An article by J. Silber published in 1959 discussing Immanuel Kant's idea of the highest good being both immanent and transcendent.
1960
Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone
Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone is a theological work by Immanuel Kant, translated by T.M. Greene and H.H. Hudson in 1960. It discusses the role of reason in religion.
1962
Publication of Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the Critique of Pure Reason
In 1962, George Bird outlined one central argument in Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason' in his work 'Kant’s Theory of Knowledge'.
1965
Publication of 'The fact of reason: an essay on justification in ethics'
In 1965, L. Beck published an essay titled 'The fact of reason: an essay on justification in ethics' as part of the book 'Studies in the Philosophy of Kant'. The essay was included in the collection edited by Beck and later reprinted in 2002.
1966
Kant's Analytic
In 1966, J. Bennett published 'Kant's Analytic', a work focused on the analytical aspects of Immanuel Kant's philosophical ideas. This publication contributed to the scholarly understanding of Kant's works.
1969
Early German Philosophy. Kant and His Predecessors
The book 'Early German Philosophy. Kant and His Predecessors' by Lewis White Beck was published in 1969 by Harvard University Press, focusing on the philosophical works of Immanuel Kant and his predecessors.
1970
Kant’s Concept of Teleology
A book titled 'Kant’s Concept of Teleology' by J. McFarland was published in 1970 by the University of Edinburgh Press, focusing on Kant's concept of teleology.
1971
Impact of Book Burning on Kant
The burning of Petersen's book had a positive outcome for Kant, as it prevented him from facing the challenges of being a dynamic freethinker and a professor in the conservative university system.
1974
Publication of Kant und das Problem der Dinge an sich
The book 'Kant und das Problem der Dinge an sich' was published in 1974.
1976
Identität und Objektivität: Eine Untersuchung über Kants transzendentale Deduktion
A book by D. Henrich published in 1976, focusing on identity and objectivity in Kant's transcendental deduction, released by Carl Winter Universitätsverlag in Heidelberg.
1978
Publication of 'Did the Sage of Königsberg Have No Dreams?'
In 1978, L. Beck published an essay titled 'Did the Sage of Königsberg Have No Dreams?' in the book 'Essays on Kant and'. The essay likely discusses Kant's thoughts and ideas.
1983
Das Andere der Vernunft. Zur Entwicklung von Rationalitätsstrukturen am Beipsiel Kant
The book 'Das Andere der Vernunft. Zur Entwicklung von Rationalitätsstrukturen am Beipsiel Kant' by Hartmut and Gernot Böhme was published in 1983, exploring the development of rationality structures using Immanuel Kant as an example.
1984
Kant’s Compatibilism
A. Wood contributed an article in 1984 titled 'Kant’s Compatibilism' in the book 'Self and Nature in Kant’s Philosophy', edited by Wood, discussing Kant's views on compatibilism.
1987
The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte
A book by Frederick Beiser that discusses the development of German philosophy from Immanuel Kant to Johann Gottlieb Fichte. It explores the evolution of philosophical thought during that period.
1988
Publication of 'Two Conceptions of the Highest Good in Kant'
The article 'Two Conceptions of the Highest Good in Kant' was published in 1988 in the Journal of the History of Philosophy.
1989
Publication of Kant’s Transcendental Deductions
In 1989, the book 'Kant’s Transcendental Deductions' was edited by E. Förster and published by Stanford University Press.
1990
Reciprocity Thesis in Kant's Philosophy
Kant argues that morality and freedom are interconnected, known as the reciprocity thesis. According to this view, acting morally involves exercising one's freedom.
1992-01
The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant
The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, edited by P. Guyer and A. Wood, was published in 1992. It includes various volumes focusing on different aspects of Kant's works.
1993
Opus Postumum
Opus Postumum is a posthumously published work by Immanuel Kant, edited by Eckart Forster and translated by Eckart Forster and Michael Rosen in 1993. It delves into Kant's later metaphysical ideas.
1994
The Unity of Reason: Rereading Kant
In 1994, Susan Neiman published 'The Unity of Reason: Rereading Kant' in Oxford University Press, offering a fresh perspective on Kant's philosophy.
1995
Re-reading Kant’s Doctrine of the Highest Good
An essay by P. Kleingeld published in 1995, presented at the Eight International Kant Congress, discussing the concept of the Highest Good in Immanuel Kant's philosophy.
1996
The Metaphysics of Morals
The Metaphysics of Morals is a philosophical work by Immanuel Kant, translated by Mary Gregor in 1996. It explores Kant's ethical theory and principles regarding morality.
1997
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics is a philosophical work by Immanuel Kant, translated by Gary Hatfield in 1997. It serves as an introduction to Kant's metaphysical theories.
1998
Publication of Critique of Pure Reason
In 1998, the book 'Critique of Pure Reason' was published in Cambridge by Guyer, P. and Wood, A. It is a significant work in the field of philosophy.
1999
Publication of Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason
In 1999, the book 'Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason' by S. Gardner was published by Routledge in London and New York.
2000
Publication of Critique of the Power of Judgment
In 2000, the book 'Critique of the Power of Judgment' was published in Cambridge by Guyer, P. This work is an important contribution to philosophical thought.
2001
Kant's Evolutionary Theory of the Universe
Kant's evolutionary theory of the universe, which is now considered as the essence of modern models in cosmology, has been validated by recent innovations in environmental and physical sciences.
2002
Theoretical Philosophy after 1781
Theoretical Philosophy after 1781 is one of the individual volumes of The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, edited by H. Allison and P. Heath, published in 2002.
2004
Bicentennial of Immanuel Kant's Death
The bicentennial of Immanuel Kant's death in 2004 was commemorated with conferences held in various countries around the world, reflecting the enduring impact of his philosophical thought.
2005
Renaming of University to Immanuel Kant State University of Russia
In 2005, the University of Königsberg, where Kant taught, was renamed Immanuel Kant State University of Russia. The name change was announced at a ceremony attended by President Vladimir Putin of Russia and Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of Germany.
2006
Publication of The Revolutionary Kant: A Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason
In 2006, a commentary on Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason' titled 'The Revolutionary Kant' was published, shedding new light on his revolutionary ideas.
2007
Publication of Kant on Beauty and Biology
In 2007, a book titled 'Kant on Beauty and Biology: An Interpretation of the Critique of Judgment' was published by Cambridge University Press.
2008
The Transition From Nature to Freedom in Kant’s Third Critique
In 2008, Rohlf wrote about the transition from Nature to Freedom in Kant's Third Critique in the Kant-Studien journal.
2010
The Cambridge Companion to Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
A book edited in 2010 that serves as a companion to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, published by Cambridge University Press.
2011
Kant’s Thinker
A critical essay book published in 2011 by an unknown author, focusing on Immanuel Kant's philosophical thoughts and ideas.
2012
Kant’s Observations and Remarks: A Critical Guide
A critical guide on Kant's Observations and Remarks edited by Susan Meld Shell and Richard Velkley, published in 2012 by Cambridge University Press.
2013
Publication of Kant’s Construction of Nature
In 2013, the book 'Kant’s Construction of Nature' written by M. Friedman was published by Cambridge University Press.
2015
Publication of Kant's Transcendental Deduction: An Analytical-Historical Commentary
In 2015, a book titled 'Kant's Transcendental Deduction: An Analytical-Historical Commentary' was published by an unknown author. The book provides a commentary on the analytical and historical aspects of Immanuel Kant's Transcendental Deduction.
2017
The Palgrave Kant Handbook
The Palgrave Kant Handbook edited by M. Altman was published in 2017 by Palgrave Macmillan. It serves as a comprehensive guide to Immanuel Kant's philosophy.
2018
Kant, God, and Metaphysics
E. Kanterian's work exploring the relationship between Kant, God, and Metaphysics, published by Routledge in London and New York.
2020
Publication of Kant's Conception of Freedom: A Developmental and Critical Analysis
In 2020, a book titled 'Kant's Conception of Freedom: A Developmental and Critical Analysis' was published by an unknown author. The book offers a critical analysis of Immanuel Kant's conception of freedom.
2021
Three Critiques
In 2021, Independently published released a book titled 'Three Critiques' containing 'Critique of Pure Reason' and 'Critique of Practical Reason' by Immanuel Kant, J.M.D. Meiklejohn, Thomas K. Abbott, and J.H. Bernard.
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Immanuel Kant

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Immanuel Kant

German philosopher of the Enlightenment era
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